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An Axiomatic Approach to Proportionality between Matrices

Author

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  • Michel L. Balinski

    (X-DEP-ECO - Département d'Économie de l'École Polytechnique - X - École polytechnique - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris)

  • Gabrielle Demange

    (CECO - Laboratoire d'économétrie de l'École polytechnique - X - École polytechnique - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

Abstract

Given a matrix p ≥ 0 what does it mean to say that a matrix f (of the same dimension), whose row and column sums must fall between specific limits, is "proportional to" p? This paper gives an axiomatic solution to this question in two distinct contexts. First, for any real "allocation" matrix f. Second, for any integer constrained "apportionment" matrix f. In the case of f real the solution turns out to coincide with what has been variously called biproportional scaling and diagonal equivalence and has been much used in econometrics and statistics. In the case of f integer the problem arises in the simultaneous apportionment of seats to regions and to parties and also in the rounding of tables of census data.

Suggested Citation

  • Michel L. Balinski & Gabrielle Demange, 1989. "An Axiomatic Approach to Proportionality between Matrices," Post-Print hal-00686748, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:hal-00686748
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://hal.science/hal-00686748
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. H. Peyton Young, 1987. "On Dividing an Amount According to Individual Claims or Liabilities," Mathematics of Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 12(3), pages 398-414, August.
    2. Aumann, Robert J. & Maschler, Michael, 1985. "Game theoretic analysis of a bankruptcy problem from the Talmud," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 195-213, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Demange, Gabrielle, 2012. "On party-proportional representation under district distortions," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 63(2), pages 181-191.
    2. Michel L. Balinski & Gabrielle Demange, 1989. "Algorithm for Proportional Matrices in Reals and Integers," Post-Print halshs-00585327, HAL.
    3. Gabrielle Demange, 2018. "New electoral systems and old referendums," PSE Working Papers hal-01852206, HAL.
    4. Marjorie B. Gassner, 1991. "Biproportional Delegations," Journal of Theoretical Politics, , vol. 3(3), pages 321-342, July.
    5. Ricca, Federica & Scozzari, Andrea & Simeone, Bruno, 2011. "The give-up problem for blocked regional lists with multi-winners," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 62(1), pages 14-24, July.
    6. Gabrielle Demange, 2021. "On the resolution of cross-liabilities," Working Papers halshs-03151128, HAL.
    7. Demange, Gabrielle, 2017. "Mutual rankings," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 35-42.
    8. Moulin, Herve, 2017. "Consistent bilateral assignment," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 43-55.
    9. Gabrielle Demange, 2018. "Mechanisms in a Digitalized World," CESifo Working Paper Series 6984, CESifo.
    10. Federica Ricca & Andrea Scozzari & Paolo Serafini & Bruno Simeone, 2012. "Error minimization methods in biproportional apportionment," TOP: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 20(3), pages 547-577, October.
    11. Gabrielle Demange, 2013. "On Allocating Seats To Parties And Districts: Apportionments," International Game Theory Review (IGTR), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 15(03), pages 1-14.
    12. Michel Balinski, 2007. "Equitable representation and recruitment," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 149(1), pages 27-36, February.
    13. Attila Tasnádi, 2008. "The extent of the population paradox in the Hungarian electoral system," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 134(3), pages 293-305, March.
    14. Oelbermann, Kai-Friederike, 2016. "Alternate Scaling algorithm for biproportional divisor methods," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 25-32.
    15. Gabrielle Demange, 2020. "Resolution rules in a system of financially linked firms," Working Papers hal-02502413, HAL.
    16. Victoriano Ramírez-González & Blanca Delgado-Márquez & Antonio Palomares & Adolfo López-Carmona, 2014. "Evaluation and possible improvements of the Swedish electoral system," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 215(1), pages 285-307, April.
    17. Paolo Serafini & Bruno Simeone, 2012. "Certificates of optimality: the third way to biproportional apportionment," Social Choice and Welfare, Springer;The Society for Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 38(2), pages 247-268, February.
    18. ,, 2014. "A ranking method based on handicaps," Theoretical Economics, Econometric Society, vol. 9(3), September.
    19. Isabella Lari & Federica Ricca & Andrea Scozzari, 2014. "Bidimensional allocation of seats via zero-one matrices with given line sums," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 215(1), pages 165-181, April.
    20. MESNARD, Louis de, 1999. "Interpretation of the RAS method : absorption and fabrication effects are incorrect," LATEC - Document de travail - Economie (1991-2003) 9907, LATEC, Laboratoire d'Analyse et des Techniques EConomiques, CNRS UMR 5118, Université de Bourgogne.
    21. Paolo Serafini, 2015. "Certificates of optimality for minimum norm biproportional apportionments," Social Choice and Welfare, Springer;The Society for Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 44(1), pages 1-12, January.
    22. Moulin, Hervé, 2016. "Entropy, desegregation, and proportional rationing," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1-20.
    23. Friedrich Pukelsheim, 2014. "Biproportional scaling of matrices and the iterative proportional fitting procedure," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 215(1), pages 269-283, April.
    24. Gaffke, Norbert & Pukelsheim, Friedrich, 2008. "Divisor methods for proportional representation systems: An optimization approach to vector and matrix apportionment problems," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 56(2), pages 166-184, September.

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