Preventing chiefs from being chiefs: An ethnography of a co-operative sheet-metal factory

Knowledge of how democracy and equality are practically achieved within member-based organisations such as cooperatives remains underdeveloped in the literature. In order to investigate this question, the present study is based on a piece of ethnographic work, namely one year of participant observation as a factory worker, which I conducted within a French cooperative sheet-metal factory. Pondering the presence within the cooperative of seemingly powerless chiefs, I draw on the works of French anthropologist Pierre Clastres (1934–1977) on stateless societies in order to study co-operators in their 'continual effort to prevent chiefs from being chiefs' (Clastres, 1987: 218). Three types of day-today practices appear to be central for members of the cooperative in circumventing the coalescence of power in the hands of their chiefs: a relentlessly voiced refusal of the divide between chiefs and lay members; a permanent requirement for accountability, and endless overt critique towards chiefs; and the use of schoolboy humour. The case, as analysed through a Clastrian lens, evidences a novel avenue that is conducive to avoiding the fate of oligarchisation within democratic organisations. Indeed, it shows how power can be kept at bay by being named and then embodied in a figure, who is eventually – through mostly informal practices – stripped of all authority. In addition, it suggests that our understanding of cooperation could be greatly improved if researchers' dominant focus on governance was complemented by studies anchored in the everyday experience of co-operators.