Spatial and visual comparison analysis of health disparities in London neighbourhoods: the case of Southwark and Lambeth

Background: In recent years, significant research has focused on understanding urban health inequalities across different locations and spatial scales in cities. At the same time, public health practitioners recognise the need for collaborative efforts beyond traditional health programs to address policy decisions impacting environmental quality and urban health. Despite this, there is a notable gap in the exploration of how spatial variations at the neighbourhood level compare with varying health levels. This research aims to bridge this gap, emphasizing the importance of understanding spatial dynamics to enhance the effectiveness of public health interventions and inform policy decisions in cities. Methods: In order to tease out potential associations between varying levels of urban health outcomes and socio-economic and spatial factors, this study focusses on female healthy life expectancy, child obesity, and diabetes within 12 London neighbourhoods situated in the boroughs of Southwark and Lambeth. It employs a combination of spatial clustering techniques, Geographic Information System (GIS) data, and mapping techniques to visually represent and provide a fine-grained analysis of specific areas in London in order to uncovering the strength and nature of the relationships between health levels and the spatial, demographic, and socio-economic characteristics of different urban neighbourhoods. Results: This research offers valuable insights into the complex dynamics of health outcomes across South London communities and emphasizes that holistic interventions, including how better housing, support for active lifestyles, and improved environmental management, can enhance health outcomes, and reduce disparities in cities. Conclusions: In essence, this study underscores the importance of analysing space in conjunction with social conditions when examining cities and neighbourhoods, providing valuable insights for discussions among local policymakers and academics.