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Influences of service characteristics and older people’s attributes on outcomes from direct payments

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  • Davey, Vanessa

Abstract

Background: Direct payments (DPs) are cash-payments that eligible individuals can receive to purchase care services by themselves. DPs are central to current social care policy in England, but their advantages remain controversial. This controversy is partly due to their lack of historical visibility: DPs were deployed in stages, bundled with other policy instruments (first individual budgets, then personal budgets), and amidst increasing budgetary constraints. As a result, little unequivocal evidence is available about the effectiveness of DPs as an instrument for older people’s care. This study aims to partially fill that gap using data obtained during an early evaluation of DP’s that took place between 2005 and 07. Methods: Semi-structured 81 face-to-face interviews with older people (and their proxies) using DPs are analyzed. DPs contribution to outcomes was measured using a standardized utility scale. Data on individual characteristics (dependency, informal support) and received services (types and amount of services) was also gathered. Multiple regression analyses were performed between measured outcome gains and individual and service characteristics. A Poisson log-functional form was selected to account for the low mean and positive skew of outcome gains. Results: Levels of met need compared very favorably to average social care outcomes in the domains of social participation, control over daily living and safety, and user satisfaction was high. Benefit from DPs was particularly affected by the role and function of unpaid care and availability of recruitment support. The freedom to combine funded care packages with self-funded care enhanced the positive impact of the former. The ability to purchase care that deviated from standardized care inputs improved service benefits. Large discrepancies between total care input and that supported through DPs negatively affected outcomes. Conclusions: The results offer clarity regarding the benefit derived from receiving DPs. They also clarify contested aspects of the policy such as the influence of unpaid care, types of care received, funding levels and the role of wider support arrangements. Tangible benefits may results from direct payments but those benefits are highly dependent on policy implementation practices. Implementation of DPs should pay special attention to the balance between DP funded care and unpaid care.

Suggested Citation

  • Davey, Vanessa, 2021. "Influences of service characteristics and older people’s attributes on outcomes from direct payments," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 108401, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    • Handle: RePEc:ehl:lserod:108401
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    File URL: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/108401/
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Al-Janabi, Hareth & Coast, Joanna & Flynn, Terry N., 2008. "What do people value when they provide unpaid care for an older person? A meta-ethnography with interview follow-up," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 67(1), pages 111-121, July.
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    3. Glasby, Jon & Littlechild, Rosemary, 2016. "Direct Payments and Personal Budgets," University of Chicago Press Economics Books, University of Chicago Press, number 9781447326755, Febrero.
    4. Bernard van den Berg & Pol Spauwen, 2006. "Measurement of informal care: an empirical study into the valid measurement of time spent on informal caregiving," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 15(5), pages 447-460, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Eva Pattyn & Paul Gemmel & Sophie Vandepitte & Jeroen Trybou, 2023. "Do Cash-For-Care Schemes Increase Care Users’ Experience of Empowerment? A Systematic Review," The Patient: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, Springer;International Academy of Health Preference Research, vol. 16(4), pages 317-341, July.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    consumer-directed care; Direct payments; older people; personal budgets; social care outcomes;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E6 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook

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