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Pandemic, War, Inflation: Oil Markets at a Crossroads?

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  • Baumeister, Christiane

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic as well as the Russian invasion of Ukraine have had profound effects on the global energy landscape, with some of the longer-lasting effects still unfolding. This paper discusses how these events have reshaped the supply side of the global oil market by focusing on structural changes in each of the three main oil-producing countries. The demand side has responded to geopolitical developments by devising a set of policy tools to stabilize oil markets and counter inflationary pressures. In particular, the price cap policy was introduced to supplement the EU embargo on seaborne Russian oil exports, and record volumes of oil were released from government-controlled emergency stockpiles. The sources of oil price fluctuations associated with these events are also discussed, as is their role in the recent surge of inflation, with a particular focus on the heterogeneity in the pass-through of oil supply shocks within the Euro area.

Suggested Citation

  • Baumeister, Christiane, 2023. "Pandemic, War, Inflation: Oil Markets at a Crossroads?," CEPR Discussion Papers 18347, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    • Handle: RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:18347
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    2. Aastveit, Knut Are & Bjørnland, Hilde C. & Cross, Jamie L. & Kalstad, Helene O., 2026. "Unveiling inflation: Oil shocks, supply chain pressures, and expectations," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 181(C).
    3. Casoli, Chiara & Manera, Matteo & Valenti, Daniele, 2024. "Energy shocks in the Euro area: Disentangling the pass-through from oil and gas prices to inflation," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    4. Alessandri, Piergiorgio & Gazzani, Andrea, 2025. "Natural gas and the macroeconomy: Not all energy shocks are alike," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    5. Kim, Won Joong & Ko, Juyoung & Kwon, Won Soon & Piao, Chunyan, 2025. "Time-varying sources of fluctuations in global inflation," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    6. Mignon, Valérie & Saadaoui, Jamel, 2024. "How do political tensions and geopolitical risks impact oil prices?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
    7. Jamel Saadaoui, 2024. "The Impact of Political Tensions and Geopolitical Risks on Oil Prices in Unstable Environments," Working Papers 2024.13, International Network for Economic Research - INFER.
    8. Daniele Colombo & Francesco Toni, 2025. "Understanding Gas Price Shocks: Elasticities, Volatility and Macroeconomic Transmission," GREDEG Working Papers 2025-20, Groupe de REcherche en Droit, Economie, Gestion (GREDEG CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur, France.
    9. Sorina MOCIAR COROIU & Diana Elisabeta MATICA, 2023. "Oil Price Shocks And Its Effects On Inflation," Annals of Faculty of Economics, University of Oradea, Faculty of Economics, vol. 32(2), pages 121-126, December.
    10. Olivier Coibion & Yuriy Gorodnichenko, 2025. "Inflation, Expectations and Monetary Policy: What Have We Learned and to What End?," NBER Working Papers 33858, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    11. Baioni Tomás, 2025. "The macroeconomic effects of carbon pricing at a subnational level: evidence from California’s cap and trade," Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Springer;Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - SEEPS, vol. 27(2), pages 305-330, April.
    12. Gago, Joana & Vale, Sofia, 2025. "Oil price swings and inflationary echoes: The impact of oil market shocks on consumer and producer prices in Europe and the U.S," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
    13. Daniele Colombo & Francesco Toni, 2025. "Understanding Gas Price Shocks: Elasticities, Volatilities, and Macroeconomic Transmission," LEM Papers Series 2025/20, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • E31 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies
    • Q41 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Demand and Supply; Prices
    • Q43 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Energy and the Macroeconomy

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