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Impactos monetarios e institucionales de la deuda pública en Colombia 1840-1890

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  • Angela Milena Rojas R

Abstract

Resumen: Durante el siglo XIX en Colombia, la emisión de deuda pública interna fue el mecanismo a través del cual los gobiernos financiaron las guerras civiles y los faltantes del Tesoro. Este instrumento fiscal tuvo repercusiones fundamentales sobre el sistema monetario y sobre la estructura institucional de la economía. En el primer frente, las notas de deuda adquirieron características monetarias y conformaron su propia esfera de circulación, con lo cual su emisión logró asimilarse en algunos períodos a una expansión monetaria. La función monetaria que prestaron las notas sacó al país de un régimen monetario de patrón oro puro y permitió de esta manera, compensar las drásticas fluctuaciones económicas que hubiera significado un ajuste de la balanza de pagos del tipo descrito por Hume. De aquí que las implicaciones monetarias de la deuda interna puedan hacer más comprensible la tendencia global observada en el nivel de precios para todo el siglo. En cuanto al plano institucional, la deuda pública estuvo asociada fatalmente con otras dos instituciones; la guerra civil y el caos monetario. El entrelazamiento de estas instituciones ineficientes conformó un escenario en el que gobiernos, grupos políticos, comerciantes, agiotistas y banqueros encontraron una fuente certera de financiación, ganancias de fácil realización y una poderosa arma de partido. De aquí que la solidez de este marco institucional adverso al crecimiento económico sea un factor crucial en la explicación del escaso avance económico con que transcurrió el primer siglo de vida republicana en Colombia. / Abstract: In the nineteenth century in Colombia, issuing of public internal debt was the mechanism employed by governments to finance civil wars and public deficit. This fiscal instrument had deep consequences on the monetary system and institutional structure of the economy. On the monetary hand, the debt notes acquired monetary functions and configured their own circulation sphere in such a way that in some periods they generated monetary expansions. The monetary function of debt notes moved the country away from classical gold standard regime, allowing overcoming drastic economic fluctuations that were supposed by the balance of payment adjustment in the sense of Hume. Hence, the monetary repercussions of internal debt can make more comprehensible the global tendency observed in price level along the whole century. On the institutional hand, public debt was fatefully associated with another two institutions; civil war and monetary chaos. The combination of these inefficient institutions structured a stage where governments, political parties, merchants, loan sharks and bankers, found a certain war finance source, easy and quick earnings, as well as a powerful political weapon. Therefore, the strength of this institutional frame, highly adverse to economic growth, is a key element in the explanation of the country’s poor economic outcomes during its first century of republican life.

Suggested Citation

  • Angela Milena Rojas R, 2004. "Impactos monetarios e institucionales de la deuda pública en Colombia 1840-1890," Borradores del CIE 2813, Universidad de Antioquia, CIE.
  • Handle: RePEc:col:000099:002813
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Francisco José Ortega-Acosta & Adolfo Meisel-Roca & Jorge Enrique Ibánez-Nájar & Alejandro López-Mejía & Hernando José Gómez-Restrepo, 2023. "Banco de la República: antecedentes, evolución y estructura," Books, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, number 2023-isbn:9789586644488 edited by Mario Lombo-Vanegas & Rafael Isaza-Botero & Adolfo Meisel-Roca & Alejandro López-Mejía, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Tobón Orozco, David & Molina, Carlos & Vargas, Harvey, 2018. "Can environmental taxes and payments for ecosystem services regulate pollution when the resilience of water bodies is surpassed?," Borradores Departamento de Economía 17179, Universidad de Antioquia, CIE.
    2. Angela Milena Rojas, 2008. "Deuda pública interna, patrón metálico y guerras civiles: interconexiones institucionales, la Colombia del siglo XIX," Revista Lecturas de Economía, Universidad de Antioquia, CIE, April.
    3. Yolanda Blasco Martel & María Guadalupe Noriega Caldera, 2019. "Regulación y emergencia de los sistemas bancarios: Las experiencias de Espana y Latinoamérica en perspectiva histórica, 1820-1870," Tiempo y Economía, Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano, vol. 6(1), pages 161-189, February.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    deuda pública interna; patrón oro; guerra civil; instituciones; siglo diecinueve; Colombia;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E42 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Monetary Sytsems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System
    • N16 - Economic History - - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations - - - Latin America; Caribbean
    • N26 - Economic History - - Financial Markets and Institutions - - - Latin America; Caribbean
    • N46 - Economic History - - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation - - - Latin America; Caribbean

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