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Explaining Vaccine Hesitancy: A Covid-19 Study of the United States

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  • Rajeev K. Goel
  • James W. Saunoris

Abstract

Using recent data on the unvaccinated across U.S. states, this paper focuses on the determinants of vaccine hesitancy related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Results show that more prosperous states and states with more elderly and physicians have lower vaccine hesitancy. There was some evidence of the significance of race, but internet access and history of other contagious diseases failed to make a difference. States with centralized health systems and those with mask mandates generally had a lower percentage of unvaccinated populations. Finally, the presence of Democrats in state legislatures tended to result in lower vaccination hesitancies, ceteris paribus.

Suggested Citation

  • Rajeev K. Goel & James W. Saunoris, 2022. "Explaining Vaccine Hesitancy: A Covid-19 Study of the United States," CESifo Working Paper Series 9658, CESifo.
    • Handle: RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9658
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Rajeev K. Goel & Rati Ram, 1999. "Variations in the Effect of Uncertainty on Different Types of Investment: An Empirical Investigation," Australian Economic Papers, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(4), pages 481-492, December.
    2. Goel, Rajeev K. & Saunoris, James W. & Goel, Srishti S., 2021. "Supply chain performance and economic growth: The impact of COVID-19 disruptions," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 43(2), pages 298-316.
    3. Niklas Potrafke, 2018. "Government ideology and economic policy-making in the United States—a survey," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 174(1), pages 145-207, January.
    4. Jacob Holt, 2022. "Party does not matter: Unified government and midterm elections," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 103(1), pages 168-180, January.
    5. Rajeev K. Goel & Michael A. Nelson, 2021. "Drivers of COVID-19 vaccinations: vaccine delivery and delivery efficiency in the United States," Netnomics, Springer, vol. 22(1), pages 53-69, June.
    6. Ritu Agarwal & Michelle Dugas & Jui Ramaprasad & Junjie Luo & Gujie Li & Guodong (Gordon) Gao, 2021. "Socioeconomic privilege and political ideology are associated with racial disparity in COVID-19 vaccination," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 118(33), pages 2107873118-, August.
    7. Rajeev K. Goel & James R. Jones, 2022. "Managing the risk of COVID‐19 via vaccine passports: Modeling economic and policy implications," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(6), pages 2578-2586, September.
    8. Rajeev K. Goel & Shoji Haruna, 2021. "Unmasking the demand for masks: Analytics of mandating coronavirus masks," Metroeconomica, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 72(3), pages 580-591, July.
    9. Goel, Rajeev K & Ram, Rati, 1999. "Variations in the Effect of Uncertainty on Different Types of Investment: An Empirical Investigation," Australian Economic Papers, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(4), pages 481-492, December.
    10. Tan, Micah & Straughan, Paulin Tay & Cheong, Grace, 2022. "Information trust and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy amongst middle-aged and older adults in Singapore: A latent class analysis Approach," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    11. Smriti Mallapaty, 2022. "Researchers fear growing COVID vaccine hesitancy in developing nations," Nature, Nature, vol. 601(7892), pages 174-175, January.
    12. Szpiro, George G, 1986. "Measuring Risk Aversion: An Alternative Approach," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 68(1), pages 156-159, February.
    13. Fonseca, Elize Massard da & Shadlen, Kenneth C. & Bastos, Francisco I., 2021. "The politics of COVID-19 vaccination in middle-income countries: Lessons from Brazil," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 281(C).
    14. Golnaz Baradaran Motie & Christopher Biolsi, 2021. "County‐Level Determinants Of Social Distancing (Or Lack Thereof) During The Covid‐19 Pandemic," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 39(2), pages 264-279, April.
    15. Caserotti, Marta & Girardi, Paolo & Rubaltelli, Enrico & Tasso, Alessandra & Lotto, Lorella & Gavaruzzi, Teresa, 2021. "Associations of COVID-19 risk perception with vaccine hesitancy over time for Italian residents," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    16. Nayak, Sameera S. & Fraser, Timothy & Panagopoulos, Costas & Aldrich, Daniel P. & Kim, Daniel, 2021. "Is divisive politics making Americans sick? Associations of perceived partisan polarization with physical and mental health outcomes among adults in the United States," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    17. James Jones & Timothy E. Trombley & Michael P. Trombley, 2022. "Impact of cultural tightness on vaccination rate," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 25(3), pages 367-389, September.
    18. Vincenzo Alfano & Salvatore Ercolano, 2020. "The Efficacy of Lockdown Against COVID-19: A Cross-Country Panel Analysis," Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, Springer, vol. 18(4), pages 509-517, August.
    19. Rajeev K. Goel & Michael A. Nelson, 2021. "COVID-19 internet vaccination information and vaccine administration: evidence from the United States," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 45(4), pages 716-734, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Rajeev K. Goel & Michael A. Nelson, 2024. "Hold your fire! Influence of female legislators on gun legislation in the United States," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 105(1), pages 41-53, January.
    2. Sofia Amaral-Garcia & Mattia Nardotto & Carol Propper & Tommaso Valletti, 2023. "Information and vaccine hesitancy: the role of broadband Internet," Papers 2023-04, Centre for Health Economics, Monash University.
    3. Rajeev K. Goel & Michael A. Nelson, 2022. "Covid-19 Full-Dose Vaccination across Uninsured Populations: Evidence across Counties in the United States," CESifo Working Paper Series 10197, CESifo.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Covid-19; vaccination; vaccine hesitancy; pandemic; government; elderly; race religion; politics; United States;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D11 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Consumer Economics: Theory
    • I18 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
    • K42 - Law and Economics - - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior - - - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law

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