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Financial Globalization, the Democratic Deficit and Recurrent Crises in Emerging Markets: the Turkish Experience in the Aftermath of Capital Account Liberalization

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  • C. Emre Alper
  • Ziya Onis

Abstract

Financial globalization offers both risks and benefits for countries of the semiperiphery or "emerging markets." Politics within the national space matters, yet acquires a new meaning, in the age of financial globalization. "Weak democracies" are characterized by limited accountability and transparency of the state and other key political institutions. Such democracies tend to suffer from populist cycles, which result in a low capacity to carry out economic reform. Financial globalization, in turn, magnifies populist cycles and renders their consequences more severe. Hence, "weak democracies" are confronted with the predominantly negative side of financial globalization, which includes overdependence on short-term capital flows, speculative attacks, and recurrent financial crises leading to slow growth and a more regressive income distributional profile. The relevance of these sets of propositions are illustrated with reference to the case of Turkey, which, indeed, experienced recurrent financial crises in the post-capital account liberalization era, with costly consequences for the real economy. Two general conclusions follow. First, there is a need to strengthen democracy in the developing world. Second, since this is hard to accomplish over a short period of time, serious questions are raised concerning the desirability of early exposure to financial globalization given the current state of the world.
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Suggested Citation

  • C. Emre Alper & Ziya Onis, 2001. "Financial Globalization, the Democratic Deficit and Recurrent Crises in Emerging Markets: the Turkish Experience in the Aftermath of Capital Account Liberalization," Working Papers 2001/14, Bogazici University, Department of Economics.
  • Handle: RePEc:bou:wpaper:2001/14
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    Cited by:

    1. C. Emre Alper & Ziya Onis, 2002. "Emerging Market Crises and the IMF: Rethinking the Role of the IMF in the Light of Turkey's 2000-2001 Financial Crises," Working Papers 2002/03, Bogazici University, Department of Economics.
    2. Hurşit Güneş, 2013. "The Political Foundations of Economic Crises and the Economic Foundations of Political Crises; The Intermingling Relationship: Turkish Case 1950–2002," Atlantic Economic Journal, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 41(1), pages 29-49, March.
    3. Başak Tanyeri, 2010. "Financial Transparency and Sources of Hidden Capital in Turkish Banks," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 37(1), pages 25-43, February.
    4. Alice Sindzingre, 2003. "Liberalisation, Multilateral Institutions and Public Policies : The Issue of Sovereignty In Sub-Saharan Africa," Mondes en développement, De Boeck Université, vol. 123(3), pages 23-56.
    5. Ozmucur, Suleyman, 2007. "Liberalization and concentration: Case of Turkey," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 46(5), pages 762-777, February.
    6. Berument, Hakan, 2007. "Measuring monetary policy for a small open economy: Turkey," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 29(2), pages 411-430, June.
    7. Mete Feridun, 2009. "Determinants of Exchange Market Pressure in Turkey: An Econometric Investigation," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(2), pages 65-81, March.
    8. Levent Korap, 2006. "An Analysis of Central Bank Interventions on Forex Market For The Post-Crisis Period," Working Papers 2006/4, Turkish Economic Association.
    9. Olivier De Jonghe & Mustafa Disli & Koen Schoors, 2012. "Corporate Governance, Opaque Bank Activities, and Risk/Return Efficiency: Pre- and Post-Crisis Evidence from Turkey," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 41(1), pages 51-80, April.
    10. Süer, Ömür & Levent, Haluk & Şen, Süleyman, 2016. "Foreign entry and the Turkish banking system in 2000s," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 420-435.
    11. World Bank, 2003. "Turkey : Corporate Sector Impact Assessment Report," World Bank Publications - Reports 14870, The World Bank Group.
    12. Aysan, Ahmet Faruk & Al, Huseyin, 2006. "Assessing the Preconditions in Establishing an Independent Regulatory and Supervisory Agency in Globalized Financial Markets: The Case of Turkey," MPRA Paper 5481, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    13. Mariano Roberto S & Gultekin Bulent N & Ozmucur Suleyman & Shabbir Tayyeb & Alper C. Emre, 2004. "Prediction of Currency Crises: Case of Turkey," Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, De Gruyter, vol. 2(2), pages 1-21, August.
    14. Ozcan, Gul Berna & Cokgezen, Murat, 2003. "Limits to Alternative Forms of Capitalization: The Case of Anatolian Holding Companies," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 31(12), pages 2061-2084, December.
    15. repec:ire:issued:v:22:n:01:2019:p:85-110 is not listed on IDEAS
    16. Alper, Emre & Hatipoglu, Ozan, 2009. "The Conduct of Monetary Policy in Turkey in the Pre- and Post-crisis Period of 2001 in Comparative Perspective: a Case for Central Bank Independence," MPRA Paper 18426, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    17. Ayla Ogus & Niloufer Sohrabji, 2008. "Analyzing the Present Sustainability of Turkey’s Current Account Position," Working Papers 0803, Izmir University of Economics.
    18. Karahasan, Burhan Can, 2009. "Financial Liberalization and Regional Impacts on Entrepreneurial Behavior in Turkey," MPRA Paper 29814, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2011.
    19. Ahmet Faruk Aysan & Mustafa Disli & Koen Schoors, 2013. "Bank Competition and Outreach: Evidence from Turkey," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(S5), pages 7-30, November.
    20. Hatipoglu, Ozan & Alper, C. Emre, 2007. "Estimating Central Bank Behavior in Emerging Markets: The Case of Turkey," MPRA Paper 7107, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised Jan 2008.
    21. Ozatay, Fatih, 2020. "Paving the Way for an Economic Crisis with High Leverage and Currency Mismatches: 2018-19 Crisis in Turkey," MPRA Paper 104951, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    22. Erol Taymaz & Ebru Voyvoda & Kamil Yilmaz, 2014. "Demokrasiye Gecis, Reel ucretler ve Verimlilik: Turk Imalat Sanayiinden Bulgular," Koç University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum Working Papers 1408, Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
    23. Sulaiman T. Al-Abduljader, 2019. "Interdependence of Securitized Real Estate in Frontier Markets," International Real Estate Review, Global Social Science Institute, vol. 22(1), pages 83-108.
    24. Gül Berna Özcan, 2006. "A Critical Analysis of Decentralisation and Local Economic Development: The Turkish Case," Environment and Planning C, , vol. 24(1), pages 117-138, February.

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