IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/arx/papers/2309.17268.html

Income Mobility and Mixing in North Macedonia

Author

Listed:
  • Viktor Stojkoski
  • Sonja Mitikj
  • Marija Trpkova-Nestorovska
  • Dragan Tevdovski

Abstract

This study presents the inaugural analysis of income mobility in North Macedonia from 1995-2021 using the Mixing Time and Mean First Passage Time (MFPT) metrics. We document larger mobility (in terms of Mixing Time) during the '90s, with and decreasing trend (in terms of mobility) until 1999. After this year the Mixing time has been consistent with a value of around 4 years. Using the MFPT, we highlight the evolving challenges individuals face when aspiring to higher income tiers. Namely, we show that there was a noticeable upward trend in MFPT from 1995 to 2006, a subsequent decline until 2017, and then an ascent again, peaking in 2021. These findings provide a foundational perspective on the income mobility in North Macedonia.

Suggested Citation

  • Viktor Stojkoski & Sonja Mitikj & Marija Trpkova-Nestorovska & Dragan Tevdovski, 2023. "Income Mobility and Mixing in North Macedonia," Papers 2309.17268, arXiv.org, revised Oct 2023.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2309.17268
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.17268
    File Function: Latest version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Raj Chetty & Matthew O. Jackson & Theresa Kuchler & Johannes Stroebel & Nathaniel Hendren & Robert B. Fluegge & Sara Gong & Federico Gonzalez & Armelle Grondin & Matthew Jacob & Drew Johnston & Martin, 2022. "Social capital I: measurement and associations with economic mobility," Nature, Nature, vol. 608(7921), pages 108-121, August.
    2. Viktor Stojkoski & Trifce Sandev & Ljupco Kocarev & Arnab Pal, 2021. "Geometric Brownian Motion under Stochastic Resetting: A Stationary yet Non-ergodic Process," Papers 2104.01571, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2021.
    3. Miles Corak, 2013. "Income Inequality, Equality of Opportunity, and Intergenerational Mobility," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 27(3), pages 79-102, Summer.
    4. Stojkoski, Viktor, 2024. "Measures of physical mixing evaluate the economic mobility of the typical individual," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    5. Dragan Tevdovski, 2015. "Income Inequality In Macedonia: Mechanisms And Solutions," Journal Articles, Center For Economic Analyses, pages 57-66, December.
    6. Jolakoski, Petar & Pal, Arnab & Sandev, Trifce & Kocarev, Ljupco & Metzler, Ralf & Stojkoski, Viktor, 2023. "A first passage under resetting approach to income dynamics," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 175(P1).
    7. William Bartlett & Hristina Cipusheva & Marjan Nikolov & Miroljub Shukarov, 2010. "The Quality of Life and Regional Development in FYR Macedonia," Croatian Economic Survey, The Institute of Economics, Zagreb, vol. 12(1), pages 121-162, April.
    8. Dimitar NIKOLOSKI & Miroslav GVEROSKI, 2017. "Assessing the poverty-growth-inequality nexus: the case of Macedonia," Eastern Journal of European Studies, Centre for European Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, vol. 8, pages 29-43, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jolakoski, Petar & Pal, Arnab & Sandev, Trifce & Kocarev, Ljupco & Metzler, Ralf & Stojkoski, Viktor, 2023. "A first passage under resetting approach to income dynamics," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 175(P1).
    2. Xiong, Ning & Wei, Yehua Dennis, 2025. "Economic inequality, intergenerational mobility, and life expectancy," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 366(C).
    3. Simone Moriconi & Mikaël Pasternak & Ahmed Trita & Nadiya Ukrayinchuk, 2025. "Climbing the Ladder: The Intergenerational Mobility of Second-Generation Immigrants in France," Working Papers 2025-iFlame-01, IESEG School of Management.
    4. Zhang, Xinmiao & Deguilhem, Thibaud, 2022. "Climbing the Social Ladder: Does Intergenerational Solidarity matter?," MPRA Paper 115241, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Callais, Justin & Geloso, Vincent, 2024. "Wealth generation: How to boost income mobility in the UK," IEA Discussion Papers 122, Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA).
    6. Stojkoski, Viktor, 2024. "Measures of physical mixing evaluate the economic mobility of the typical individual," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    7. Fergusson Leopoldo & Natalia Garbiras-Díaz & Michael Weintraub, 2026. "Accents as Capital," Documentos CEDE 2026-1, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE.
    8. Sarah Cattan & Kjell Salvanes & Emma Tominey, 2022. "First Generation Elite: The Role of School Networks," Working Papers 2022-028, Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group.
    9. Viktor Stojkoski & Petar Jolakoski & Arnab Pal & Trifce Sandev & Ljupco Kocarev & Ralf Metzler, 2021. "Income inequality and mobility in geometric Brownian motion with stochastic resetting: theoretical results and empirical evidence of non-ergodicity," Papers 2109.01822, arXiv.org.
    10. Laura Outhwaite & Lindsey Macmillan, 2025. "What are the evidence-based ways to equalise opportunities?," CEPEO Briefing Note Series 33, UCL Centre for Education Policy and Equalising Opportunities, revised May 2025.
    11. Zhu Yan & Jing Jian Xiao & Qiong Sun, 2024. "Moving up toward sustainable development: Digital finance and income mobility," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(5), pages 5742-5763, October.
    12. Petar Jolakoski & Arnab Pal & Trifce Sandev & Ljupco Kocarev & Ralf Metzler & Viktor Stojkoski, 2022. "The fate of the American dream: A first passage under resetting approach to income dynamics," Papers 2212.13176, arXiv.org.
    13. Michele Bernasconi & Giulio Cinquanta & Valentino Dardanoni & Vincenzo Prete, 2025. "Mobility Comparisons: Theoretical Definitions and People’s Perceptions," Games, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-21, May.
    14. Sven Resnjanskij & Jens Ruhose & Simon Wiederhold & Ludger Wößmann, 2021. "Mentoring verbessert die Arbeitsmarktchancen von stark benachteiligten Jugendlichen," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 74(02), pages 31-38, February.
    15. Fields, Gary S. & Meng, Xin & Song, Yang, 2022. "Earnings mobility during labor market reforms in urban China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    16. Jo Blanden, 2019. "Intergenerational income persistence," IZA World of Labor, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), pages 176-176, January.
    17. Michele Raitano & Francesco Vona & Claudia Vittori, 2015. "The effect of parental background along the son's earnings distribution : does one model fit for all?," Working Papers hal-03459749, HAL.
    18. Veenstra, Gerry & Vanzella-Yang, Adam, 2022. "Interactions between parental and personal socioeconomic resources and self-rated health: Adjudicating between the resource substitution and resource multiplication theories," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    19. Francesco Andreoli & Eugenio Peluso, 2016. "So close yet so unequal: Reconsidering spatial inequality in U.S. cities," Working Papers 21/2016, University of Verona, Department of Economics.
    20. Paul Anand & Jere R. Behrman & Hai-Anh H. Dang & Sam Jones, 2018. "Inequality of opportunity in education: Accounting for the contributions of Sibs, schools and sorting across East Africa," Working Papers 480, ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2309.17268. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: arXiv administrators (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://arxiv.org/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.