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¿Cuánto impacta la viticultura sobre la calidad de los recursos hídricos? Un análisis de la Huella Hídrica Gris asociada al uso de pesticidas en una microrregión vitivinícola de Mendoza, Argentina

Author

Listed:
  • Verónica Farreras

    (CCT-CONICET-MZA/Universidad Nacional de Cuyo)

  • Belén Lana

    (CCT-CONICET-MZA/Universidad Nacional de Cuyo)

  • Oscar Astorga

    (Instituto de Sanidad y Calidad Agropecuaria de Mendoza)

Abstract

Distintas plagas y enfermedades pueden dañar los cultivos de vid. El uso de pesticidas garantiza una producción de alta calidad con menos daño a los cultivos y rendimientos constantes. Sin embargo, estas sustancias pueden migrar hacia los cuerpos de agua superficiales o subterráneas a través de la escorrentía y lixiviación, constituyendo una fuente de contaminación difusa. A partir de información específica sobre productos fitosanitarios comercializados en una microrregión vitícola de Mendoza, se evaluó el impacto de los viñedos sobre la calidad de los recursos hídricos. Para ello, se estimó la Huella Hídrica Gris (HHG) de la viticultura asociada a una amplia gama de pesticidas—24 fungicidas, 7 insecticidas y 7 herbicidas—comúnmente utilizados en las prácticas vitícolas locales. Nuestros resultados indican que, durante el periodo de setiembre de 2018 a abril de 2020, la HHG de la viticultura fue de 1.10 m3 kg-1 ó 1.87x108 m3 año-1. Más específicamente, se necesitan de 1.10 m3 de agua por kg de uva o algo más de 187 millones de m3 de agua por año para diluir los contaminantes hasta tal punto que la calidad del agua se mantenga por encima de los estándares de calidad establecidos. Al aumentar la resolución espacial del análisis, se observó una variabilidad de HHG no solo por la diversidad de los principios activos con los que estaban asociadas sino también por la amplitud en el rango de valores que presentaban—de 0.04 a 18.4 m3 kg-1. Nuestros resultados, además de resaltar la utilidad de un análisis a escala local de la HHG, arrojan luz sobre la importancia de considerar en el análisis la amplia gama de pesticidas comúnmente utilizados en las prácticas locales. Esta información puede ser de particular utilidad para diferentes partes interesadas—desde viticultores hasta responsables en la formulación de políticas o en la gestión del territorio—en el desempeño ambiental de la viticultura en el ámbito de la gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos. Este estudio proporciona un marco que puede guiar evaluaciones similares en otras regiones vitícolas.

Suggested Citation

  • Verónica Farreras & Belén Lana & Oscar Astorga, 2024. "¿Cuánto impacta la viticultura sobre la calidad de los recursos hídricos? Un análisis de la Huella Hídrica Gris asociada al uso de pesticidas en una microrregión vitivinícola de Mendoza, Argentina," Working Papers 306, Red Nacional de Investigadores en Economía (RedNIE).
    • Handle: RePEc:aoz:wpaper:306
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