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Exclusion Through Inclusion: Institutional Constraints on Women's Political Empowerment in India and Bangladesh

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  • Mahbub Alam Prodip

Abstract

This comparative case study uses qualitative data to explore and analyze the institutional obstacles that women in reserved seats face to their political empowerment in the Gram Panchayat in India and the Union Parishad in Bangladesh. The findings reveal that women in reserved seats in both countries confront some fundamental institutional barriers, such as a masculine model of politics, lack of political party support, as well as lack of power and resources. Indian women face serious problems—the inclusion of ex‐officio members, the rotational system, bureaucratic dominance, and partisan elections—whereas Bangladeshi women suffer from the unequal distribution of reserved seats under a quota policy and lack of clarity in rules, power, and provisions. A lack of financial resources limits the effective participation of women members in the decision‐making process in both countries. Further institutional reforms are vital to ensure women's political empowerment through reserved seats in both countries. Este estudio de caso comparativo utiliza datos cualitativos para explorar y analizar los obstáculos institucionales que enfrentan las mujeres en escaños reservados para su empoderamiento político en el Gram Panchayat en India y el Union Parishad en Bangladesh. Los hallazgos revelan que las mujeres en escaños reservados en ambos países enfrentan algunas barreras institucionales fundamentales, como un modelo masculino de política, la falta de apoyo de los partidos políticos, así como la falta de poder y recursos. Las mujeres indias se enfrentan a serios problemas: la inclusión de miembros de oficio, el sistema de rotación, el dominio burocrático y las elecciones partidistas, mientras que las mujeres de Bangladesh sufren la distribución desigual de los escaños reservados bajo una política de cuotas y la falta de claridad en las reglas, el poder, y provisiones. La falta de recursos financieros limita la participación efectiva de las mujeres miembros en el proceso de toma de decisiones en ambos países. Es fundamental realizar nuevas reformas institucionales para garantizar el empoderamiento político de la mujer mediante la reserva de escaños en ambos países. 本篇比较案例研究使用定性数据, 探究并分析在印度村委会(Gram Panchayat)和孟加拉联合村议政会(Union Parishad)取得保留席位的女性在政治赋权方面所面临的制度障碍。研究发现显示, 在两国取得保留席位的女性面临一些根本的制度障碍, 例如男性政治模式、政党支持欠缺、以及权力和资源的缺乏。印度女性面临一系列严重问题: 当然议员(ex‐officio)的介入、轮换制度、官僚统治、以及党派选举, 而孟加拉女性则在配额政策下面临保留席位的不平等分配、并受制于不明确的规则、权力和条款。对财政资源的缺乏限制了两国女性议员在决策过程中的有效参与。进一步制度改革对通过保留席位确保两国女性的政治赋权而言至关重要。

Suggested Citation

  • Mahbub Alam Prodip, 2021. "Exclusion Through Inclusion: Institutional Constraints on Women's Political Empowerment in India and Bangladesh," World Affairs, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 184(2), pages 213-244, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:woraff:v:184:y:2021:i:2:p:213-244
    DOI: 10.1177/00438200211013017
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bhavnani, Rikhil R., 2009. "Do Electoral Quotas Work after They Are Withdrawn? Evidence from a Natural Experiment in India," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 103(1), pages 23-35, February.
    2. Jan Priebe, 2017. "Political reservation and female empowerment: evidence from Maharashtra, India," Oxford Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(4), pages 499-521, October.
    3. Aparajita Bakshi, 2011. "Weakening Panchayats in West Bengal," Journal, Review of Agrarian Studies, vol. 1(2), pages 202-214, July-Dece.
    4. Bakshi, Aparajita, . "Weakening Panchayats in West Bengal," Review of Agrarian Studies, Foundation for Agrarian Studies, vol. 1(2).
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