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A rising tide that lifts all boats: Long‐term effects of the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend on poverty

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  • Matthew Berman

Abstract

Although not designed as a social program to redistribute income, the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend (PFD) has been reducing poverty by providing equal annual payments to nearly all state residents for over 40 years. We examine direct effects of the PFD on Alaska poverty rates since 1990, using US Census and American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Sample records to adjust for under‐reporting of children's PFD income in official statistics. We estimate that the PFD reduced the number of Alaskans with incomes below the US poverty threshold by 20%–40%. We measure only a small effect on income distribution: a 0.02 reduction in the Gini coefficient. The effect of the PFD has been even larger for vulnerable populations. The PFD has reduced poverty rates of rural Indigenous Alaskans from 28% to less than 22%, and has played an important role in alleviating poverty among seniors and children. Aside from the special case of 2020, up to 50% more Alaska children—15% instead of 10%—would be living in poor families without PFD income. The poverty‐ameliorating effects of the PFD have lessened somewhat since 2000, as dividend amounts adjusted for inflation have been declining. 尽管阿拉斯加永久基金红利(PFD)并非设计为一项用于收入再分配的社会计划,但40多年来,它一直通过向该州几乎所有的居民提供同等的年度支付来减贫。通过使用美国人口普查和美国社区调查公共微观数据样本(PUMS)记录(以调整官方统计中儿童PFD收入的低报情况),我们分析了1990年以来PFD对阿拉斯加贫困率的直接影响。我们估计,PFD使收入低于美国贫困线的阿拉斯加人口数量减少了20%至40%。我们只测量了对收入分配的微小影响:基尼系数降低了0.02。PFD对弱势群体的影响甚至更大。PFD已将阿拉斯加农村原住民的贫困率从28%降低到22%以下,并为老年人和儿童的扶贫发挥了重要作用。除了2020年的特殊情况外,如果没有PFD收入,生活在贫困家庭的阿拉斯加儿童数量将增加50%(从10%增加到15%)。自2000年以来,PFD的扶贫效果有所减弱,因为根据通货膨胀调整的红利金额一直在下降。 Aunque no está diseñado como un programa social para redistribuir el ingreso, el Dividendo del Fondo Permanente de Alaska (PFD) ha estado reduciendo la pobreza al proporcionar pagos anuales iguales a casi todos los residentes del estado durante más de 40 años. Examinamos los efectos directos del PFD en las tasas de pobreza de Alaska desde 1990, utilizando los registros de la Muestra de Microdatos de Uso Público (PUMS) del Censo de EE. UU. y de la Encuesta de la Comunidad Estadounidense para ajustar la información insuficiente sobre los ingresos del PFD de los niños en las estadísticas oficiales. Estimamos que el FPD redujo el número de habitantes de Alaska con ingresos por debajo del umbral de pobreza de Estados Unidos entre un 20 y un 40 por ciento. Medimos sólo un pequeño efecto sobre la distribución del ingreso: una reducción de 0,02 en el coeficiente de Gini. El efecto del FPD ha sido aún mayor para las poblaciones vulnerables. El FPD ha reducido las tasas de pobreza de los indígenas rurales de Alaska del 28 por ciento a menos del 22 por ciento y ha desempeñado un papel importante en el alivio de la pobreza entre las personas mayores y los niños. Aparte del caso especial de 2020, hasta un 50 por ciento más de niños de Alaska (15 por ciento en lugar de 10 por ciento) vivirían en familias pobres sin ingresos del PFD. Los efectos del FPD en la mejora de la pobreza han disminuido algo desde 2000, a medida que los montos de los dividendos ajustados a la inflación han ido disminuyendo.

Suggested Citation

  • Matthew Berman, 2024. "A rising tide that lifts all boats: Long‐term effects of the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend on poverty," Poverty & Public Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(2), pages 126-145, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:povpop:v:16:y:2024:i:2:p:126-145
    DOI: 10.1002/pop4.398
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Berman, M., 2014. "Suicide among young alaska native men: Community risk factors and alcohol control," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 104(S3), pages 329-335.
    2. Cliff Groh & Gregg Erickson, 2012. "The Improbable but True Story of How the Alaska Permanent Fund and the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend Came to Be," Exploring the Basic Income Guarantee, in: Karl Widerquist & Michael W. Howard (ed.), Alaska’s Permanent Fund Dividend, chapter 0, pages 15-39, Palgrave Macmillan.
    3. Berman, Matthew, 2018. "Resource rents, universal basic income, and poverty among Alaska’s Indigenous peoples," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 161-172.
    4. Kerkvliet, Joe & Nebesky, William, 1997. "Whaling and Wages on Alaska's North Slope: A Time Allocation Approach to Natural Resource Use," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 45(3), pages 651-665, April.
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