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Older‐Age Social Pensions and Poverty: Revisiting Assumptions on Targeting and Universalism

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  • Gibrán Cruz‐Martínez

Abstract

Whether social protection benefits should be assigned to all (universal) or kept only for those who meet specific criteria (targeting) remains one of the most contentious questions in social policy research. The purpose of this article is to revisit three assumptions on the two main social policy options for the provision of social benefits to older persons. Each assumption is assessed through counterfactual reasoning using a combination of literature review and statistical analysis with a global perspective. The study finds that (i) 79 countries would be economically able to shift from targeted noncontributory pensions to basic universal noncontributory pensions with less than 1.2 percent of the respective national gross domestic products; (ii) 16 countries have means‐tested/region‐tested noncontributory pensions more expensive than a hypothetical basic universal social pension; (iii) an arbitrary threshold of “economic development” is not a limitation for implementing social pensions; and (iv) at least 17 countries with relatively low economic development have successfully implemented social pensions without means targeting. Therefore, contrary to what several international organizations and scholars have argued, universal social pensions are politically and economically viable and efficient strategies to alleviate income poverty. 社会保障福利是否应该以普遍的方式分配给所有人,还是针对性地只为那些符合具体标准的人提供,这仍然是社会政策研究中最具争议的问题之一。本文旨在重新审视关于向老年人提供社会福利的两种主要社会政策选择的三种假设。笔者运用反事实推理,并结合文献综述和统计分析,从全球的视角来评估每种假设。研究发现:(1)79个国家在经济实力上将能够从奉行针对性非缴费型养老金政策转变为实施基本普遍非缴费型养老金政策,养老金总额所占比例不到各自国内生产总值的1.2%;(2)16个国家如果实行非缴费型养老金基本全覆盖,将比其正在实行的经济情况调查/区域调查非缴费型养老金政策更节省预算;(3)“经济发展”的任意门槛并未限制社会养老金政策的实施。(4)至少有17个经济发展水平较低的国家没有依据经济情况调查针对性发放养老金,而是成功地实行了社会养老金制度。因此,与一些国际组织和学者的观点相反,社会养老金普遍化在政治上和经济上都是缓解收入贫穷的有效可行战略。 La pregunta de si los beneficios de la protección social deben asignarse a todos (universales) o solo para aquellos que cumplen con criterios específicos (focalización) sigue siendo una de las más polémicas en la investigación de políticas sociales. El propósito de este documento es revisar tres supuestos sobre las dos opciones principales de política social para la provisión de beneficios sociales para las personas mayores. Cada suposición se evalúa mediante un razonamiento contrafactual utilizando una combinación de revisión de la literatura y análisis estadístico con una perspectiva global. El estudio concluye que (1) 79 países podrían cambiar económicamente de pensiones no contributivas específicas a pensiones universales básicas no contributivas con menos del 1,2 por ciento de los respectivos PIB nacionales; (2) 16 países tienen pensiones no contributivas probadas por medios / regionales, más caras que una pensión universal básica hipotética; (3) Un umbral arbitrario de "desarrollo económico" no es una limitación para implementar las pensiones sociales. (4) Al menos, 17 países con un desarrollo económico relativamente bajo han implementado con éxito pensiones sociales sin focalización de recursos. Por lo tanto, contrariamente a lo que han argumentado varias organizaciones internacionales y académicos, las pensiones sociales universales son estrategias viables y eficientes política y económicamente para aliviar la pobreza de ingresos.

Suggested Citation

  • Gibrán Cruz‐Martínez, 2019. "Older‐Age Social Pensions and Poverty: Revisiting Assumptions on Targeting and Universalism," Poverty & Public Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(1-2), pages 31-56, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:povpop:v:11:y:2019:i:1-2:p:31-56
    DOI: 10.1002/pop4.243
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