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The Complementarity between Tax Avoidance and Manager Diversion: Evidence from Tax Haven Firms

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  • T. J. Atwood
  • Christina Lewellen

Abstract

We investigate whether tax avoidance and manager diversion are complementary when the costs of diversion are low by comparing dividend payouts, performance, and overinvestments of tax haven firms versus other multinational firms based in countries with weak and strong investor protections. Desai and Dharmapala (2006, 2009a, b) and Desai et al. (2007) set forth a theory of tax avoidance within an agency framework (the D&D theory) based on the assumption that tax avoidance and manager diversion are complementary when the corporate governance system is “ineffective” (i.e., the manager's expected costs of diversion are low). Tax haven firms are corporate groups whose parent firms are incorporated in tax haven countries that are not the countries where the groups’ headquarters or primary operations are located (i.e., their “base” countries). We argue that tax haven incorporation potentially lowers the costs of diversion for managers of firms based in countries with weak investor protections. Using a sample from 28 base countries, we provide evidence that manager diversion and tax avoidance are complementary for tax haven firms based in countries with weak investor protections but not for tax haven firms based in countries with strong investor protections. Our results are consistent with the complementarity assumption underlying the D&D model and provide additional insights into the potential impact of the decentralization of the global firm. Complémentarité de l’évitement fiscal et du détournement des ressources de l'entreprise par les gestionnaires : Constats relatifs aux sociétés recourant aux paradis fiscaux Les auteures étudient la complémentarité possible de l’évitement fiscal et du détournement des ressources de l'entreprise par les gestionnaires lorsque les coûts du détournement sont faibles, en comparant les ratios dividendes/bénéfice, la performance et le surinvestissement des sociétés recourant aux paradis fiscaux par rapport aux autres sociétés multinationales établies dans des pays où la protection des investisseurs est faible ou forte. Desai et Dharmapala (2006, 2009a, b) et Desai et al. (2007) proposent une théorie d’évitement fiscal en contexte de délégation reposant sur l'hypothèse selon laquelle l’évitement fiscal et le détournement par les gestionnaires sont complémentaires lorsque le système de gouvernance d'entreprise est « inefficace » (c'est‐à‐dire que les coûts prévus du détournement sont faibles). Les sociétés recourant aux paradis fiscaux sont des groupes dont les sociétés mères sont constituées dans des paradis fiscaux qui ne sont pas les pays où se trouvent les sièges sociaux ou se déroulent l'essentiel des activités de ces groupes (leurs « pays de base »). Selon les auteures, la constitution dans un paradis fiscal est susceptible de réduire les coûts du détournement pour les gestionnaires de sociétés établies dans des pays où la protection des investisseurs est faible. À l'aide d'un échantillon tiré de 28 pays de base, elles recueillent des données établissant que le détournement par les gestionnaires et l’évitement fiscal sont complémentaires pour les sociétés recourant aux paradis fiscaux qui sont établies dans des pays où la protection des investisseurs est faible, mais non pour les sociétés recourant aux paradis fiscaux établies dans des pays où la protection des investisseurs est forte. Les résultats de l’étude confirment l'hypothèse de la complémentarité sous‐jacente au modèle de Desai et Dharmapala et nous éclairent sur l'incidence potentielle de la décentralisation des sociétés mondiales.

Suggested Citation

  • T. J. Atwood & Christina Lewellen, 2019. "The Complementarity between Tax Avoidance and Manager Diversion: Evidence from Tax Haven Firms," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(1), pages 259-294, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:36:y:2019:i:1:p:259-294
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12421
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    9. Shams, Syed & Bose, Sudipta & Gunasekarage, Abeyratna, 2022. "Does corporate tax avoidance promote managerial empire building?," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(1).
    10. Christina M. Lewellen, 2023. "Tax haven incorporation and financial reporting transparency," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 28(3), pages 1811-1855, September.
    11. Dutt, Verena & Spengel, Christoph & Vay, Heiko, 2021. "Der EU-Vorschlag zum Country-by-Country Reporting im Internet: Kosten, Nutzen, Konsequenzen," Studien, Stiftung Familienunternehmen / Foundation for Family Businesses, number 250010, March.
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    13. Manon Francois & Vincent Vicard, 2023. "Tax Avoidance and the Complexity of Multinational Enterprises," Working Papers 2023-04, CEPII research center.
    14. Dutt, Verena K. & Spengel, Christoph & Vay, Heiko, 2021. "The EU proposal for country-by-country reporting on the internet: Costs, Benefits and Consequences," Studien, Stiftung Familienunternehmen / Foundation for Family Businesses, number 250025, March.
    15. Müller, Raphael & Spengel, Christoph & Vay, Heiko, 2020. "On the determinants and effects of corporate tax transparency: Review of an emerging literature," ZEW Discussion Papers 20-063, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    16. Lee, Ye Ji, 2021. "The effects of analysts’ tax expense forecast accuracy on corporate tax avoidance: An international analysis," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 17(2).
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    18. Carmen Comăniciu, 2019. "Is There a Correlation Between the Ease of Doing Business Index and the Haven Score?," Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, Ovidius University of Constantza, Faculty of Economic Sciences, vol. 0(2), pages 686-694, December.
    19. Col, Burcin & Errunza, Vihang, 2022. "Havenly acquisitions," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    20. Dain C. Donelson & Jennifer L. Glenn & Christopher G. Yust, 2022. "Is tax aggressiveness associated with tax litigation risk? Evidence from D&O Insurance," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 27(2), pages 519-569, June.
    21. Han Kim, E. & Lu, Yao & Shi, Xinzheng & Zheng, Dengjin, 2022. "How does stock liquidity affect corporate tax noncompliance? Evidence from China✰," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(3), pages 688-712.
    22. Ouyang, Caiyue & Xiong, Jiacai & Huang, Kun, 2020. "Do multiple large shareholders affect tax avoidance? Evidence from China," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 207-224.

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