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On the empirical validity of “Gendered reactions to terrorist attacks can cause slumps not bumps” (Holman et al. 2022)

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  • Michael Jetter
  • Kieran Stockley

Abstract

M. R. Holman, J. L. Merolla and A. Zechmeister (2022) propose women (compared to men) political leaders experience significant drops in public approval ratings after a transnational terrorist attack. After documenting how survey‐based evaluations of then‐Prime Minister Theresa May suffered after the 2017 Manchester Arena attack, Holman et al. (2022) assemble a country–quarter level panel database to explore the generality of their hypothesis. They report evidence suggesting women (compared to men) leaders systematically experience decreased public approval rates after major transnational terrorist attacks (p$$ p $$‐value of 0.020). We find that result disappears once any of the following adjustments is implemented: (i) excluding election quarter covariates (p=0.104$$ p=0.104 $$), (ii) correcting objective coding errors in the election quarter covariates (p=0.058$$ p=0.058 $$), (iii) excluding the May–Manchester observation (p=0.098$$ p=0.098 $$) or (iv) clustering standard errors at the country level (p=0.558$$ p=0.558 $$). Exploring all 25$$ {2}^5 $$ combinations of the five control groups Holman et al. (2022) incorporate in their specification, none of them clears the 5% threshold of statistical significance once the corrected election quarter variables are employed. We conclude that the empirical evidence does not provide sufficient support for Holman et al.'s (2022) abstract claim that “conventional theory on rally events requires revision: women leaders cannot count on rallies following major terrorist attacks.” De la validité empirique de l'hypothèse avancée dans l'article « Gendered reactions to terrorist attacks can cause slumps not bumps » (Holman et coll., 2022). Mirya R. Holman, Jennifer L. Merolla et Elizabeth J. Zechmeister (2002) proposent que les dirigeantes (par rapport aux dirigeants) politiques voient leur cote d'approbation publique baisser de façon considérable après un attentat terroriste transnational. Après avoir décrit la façon dont les évaluations par sondage de Theresa May, alors première ministre, ont souffert après l'attentat au Manchester Arena en 2017, les autrices assemblent une base de données trimestrielles recueillies au moyen d'un panel à l'échelon du pays afin d'explorer la généralité de leur hypothèse. Elles font état de données probantes indiquant que les dirigeantes (par rapport aux dirigeants) connaissent systématiquement des taux d'approbation publique inférieurs après des attaques terroristes transnationales majeures (valeur p de 0,020). Nous constatons que ce résultat disparaît lorsque l'un des ajustements suivants est mis en œCuvre : (i) exclusion des covariables du trimestre électoral (p = 0,104); (ii) correction des erreurs de codage objectives dans les covariables du trimestre électoral (p = 0,058); (iii) exclusion de l'observation de l'attaque perpétrée à Manchester au mois de mai (p = 0,098); (iv) regroupement des erreurs‐types à l'échelon du pays (p = 0,558). En explorant les 25 combinaisons des cinq groupes témoins que les autrices intègrent à leurs spécifications, aucune d'entre elles ne franchit le seuil de 5 % de signification statistique une fois que les variables corrigées des trimestres électoraux sont employées. Nous concluons que les données probantes empiriques n'étayent pas suffisamment l'affirmation du résumé des autrices selon laquelle « la théorie conventionnelle sur les rassemblements doit être révisée : les dirigeantes ne peuvent pas compter sur des rassemblements à la suite d'attaques terroristes majeures ».

Suggested Citation

  • Michael Jetter & Kieran Stockley, 2025. "On the empirical validity of “Gendered reactions to terrorist attacks can cause slumps not bumps” (Holman et al. 2022)," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 58(1), pages 97-108, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:58:y:2025:i:1:p:97-108
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12692
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    1. Bruno S. Frey & Simon Luechinger & Alois Stutzer, 2007. "Calculating Tragedy: Assessing The Costs Of Terrorism," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(1), pages 1-24, February.
    2. Lenard, Patti Tamara, 2018. "Democratic Citizenship and Denationalization-CORRIGENDUM," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 112(1), pages 194-194, February.
    3. Carlos Cinelli & Chad Hazlett, 2020. "Making sense of sensitivity: extending omitted variable bias," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 82(1), pages 39-67, February.
    4. José G. Montalvo, 2011. "Voting after the Bombings: A Natural Experiment on the Effect of Terrorist Attacks on Democratic Elections," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 93(4), pages 1146-1154, November.
    5. Lenard, Patti Tamara, 2018. "Democratic Citizenship and Denationalization," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 112(1), pages 99-111, February.
    6. Holman, Mirya R. & Merolla, Jennifer L. & Zechmeister, Elizabeth J., 2022. "The Curious Case of Theresa May and the Public That Did Not Rally: Gendered Reactions to Terrorist Attacks Can Cause Slumps Not Bumps," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 116(1), pages 249-264, February.
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    1. Holman, Mirya R. & Merolla, Jennifer L. & Zechmeister, Elizabeth J., 2023. "Response to "On the Empirical Validity of 'Gendered Reactions to Terrorist Attacks Can Cause Slumps not Bumps'"," I4R Discussion Paper Series 44, The Institute for Replication (I4R), revised 2023.

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