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Identification of seawater intrusion signatures through geochemical evolution of groundwater: a case study based on coastal region of the Mahanadi delta, Bay of Bengal, India

Author

Listed:
  • A. K. Behera

    (Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee)

  • G. J. Chakrapani

    (Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee)

  • S. Kumar

    (National Institute of Hydrology)

  • N. Rai

    (Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee)

Abstract

The study dealt with seawater intrusion process in a coastal aquifer system in the Mahanadi river delta region in the east coast of India along the Bay of Bengal. The aquifers of Mahanadi delta are characterized as shallow aquifers ( 50 m). Electrical conductivity (EC) of groundwater varied from a fresh of 146 μS/cm (NW of the Mahanadi delta) to a saline of 33,900 μS/cm (close to sea coast) with cation dominance in the order Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and anion dominance of Cl− > $$ {\text{HCO}}_{3}^{ - } $$ HCO 3 - > $$ {\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - } $$ SO 4 2 - . The hydrochemical facies changed from Ca–Mg–Na–HCO3 type to Na–Cl type along the groundwater flow direction due to ion exchange processes. A strong positive correlation (r > 0.9) between Cl− with EC, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, $$ {\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - } $$ SO 4 2 - and K+ was observed, which indicated the influence of seawater on coastal aquifer. The ionic ratios (Na+/Cl−, $$ {\text{HCO}}_{3}^{ - } $$ HCO 3 - /Cl−, Mg2+/Ca2+, $$ {\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - } $$ SO 4 2 - /Cl−, Ca2+/( $$ {\text{HCO}}_{3}^{ - } $$ HCO 3 - / $$ {\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - } $$ SO 4 2 - )) also suggested that the groundwater is affected by seawater intrusion. Stable isotope compositions (δ18O and δ2H) varied from − 1.86 to − 6.87 ‰ for δ18O and from − 10.79 to − 45.42 ‰ for δ2H, implying the mixing of saline water and fresh groundwater in the coastal region of the Mahanadi delta. The proportion of seawater in groundwater was estimated to vary from 0% in the upper-delta formation to 72% in the lower-delta formation of the Mahanadi delta (close to seacoast), which was due to inland intrusion of seawater. In a first ever study on this coastal aquifer along the Bay of Bengal, where a large population is dependent on agriculture, seawater intrusion into the fresh groundwater has been quantified. The issue of seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifer in this region may become a serious disaster, if appropriate management strategies are not implemented in time.

Suggested Citation

  • A. K. Behera & G. J. Chakrapani & S. Kumar & N. Rai, 2019. "Identification of seawater intrusion signatures through geochemical evolution of groundwater: a case study based on coastal region of the Mahanadi delta, Bay of Bengal, India," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 97(3), pages 1209-1230, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:nathaz:v:97:y:2019:i:3:d:10.1007_s11069-019-03700-6
    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-019-03700-6
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. World Bank, 2010. "Deep Wells and Prudence : Towards Pragmatic Action for Addressing Groundwater Overexploitation in India," World Bank Publications - Reports 2835, The World Bank Group.
    2. Grant Ferguson & Tom Gleeson, 2012. "Vulnerability of coastal aquifers to groundwater use and climate change," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 2(5), pages 342-345, May.
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