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The dynamic complexity of Australia’s immigration and emigration flows from 1981 to 2016

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  • James Raymer

    (Australian National University)

  • Xujing Bai

    (Australian National University)

  • Nan Liu

    (Australian National University)

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to examine how flows of immigration and emigration to and from Australia over the past 35 years have evolved across settlement areas. This is achieved by studying the changes to the sources of immigration, measured by country or region of birth, the relative propensities of immigrants to remain in Australia, and the differences exhibited by females and males. The analyses utilise a unique set of data on immigration and emigration flows that have been recently harmonised across various sources of existing data, both over time and across geographic units. Specifically, we show how the patterns have evolved for 18 different immigrant groups and the Australia-born population since 1981. This research provides new insights into the patterns of international migration that are greatly influencing population and ethnic change across Australia. We show how the diversity of immigration has increased between 1981 and 2016 and the significance of China and India as new sources of immigration. The increasing diversity is found across all 47 geographic areas that we examine, albeit with variations in the levels and sources of immigration. We also find that retention of immigrants and ratios of returning Australia-born persons have been declining over time. Finally, we show how most immigrant groups exhibit distinct patterns of immigration and emigration by sex.

Suggested Citation

  • James Raymer & Xujing Bai & Nan Liu, 2020. "The dynamic complexity of Australia’s immigration and emigration flows from 1981 to 2016," Journal of Population Research, Springer, vol. 37(3), pages 213-242, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:joprea:v:37:y:2020:i:3:d:10.1007_s12546-020-09245-x
    DOI: 10.1007/s12546-020-09245-x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Joop Beer & James Raymer & Rob Erf & Leo Wissen, 2010. "Overcoming the Problems of Inconsistent International Migration data: A New Method Applied to Flows in Europe [Surmonter les problèmes d’incohérences des données sur les migrations internationales:," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 26(4), pages 459-481, November.
    2. Jonathan J. Azose & Adrian E. Raftery, 2019. "Estimation of emigration, return migration, and transit migration between all pairs of countries," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 116(1), pages 116-122, January.
    3. Frans Willekens, 2018. "Towards causal forecasting of international migration," Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, Vienna Institute of Demography (VID) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna, vol. 16(1), pages 199-218.
    4. Guy Abel, 2013. "Estimating global migration flow tables using place of birth data," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 28(18), pages 505-546.
    5. Peter W. F. Smith & James Raymer & Corrado Giulietti, 2010. "Combining available migration data in England to study economic activity flows over time," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 173(4), pages 733-753, October.
    6. James Raymer & Arkadiusz Wiśniowski & Jonathan J. Forster & Peter W. F. Smith & Jakub Bijak, 2013. "Integrated Modeling of European Migration," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 108(503), pages 801-819, September.
    7. Peter Boden & Phil Rees, 2010. "Using administrative data to improve the estimation of immigration to local areas in England," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 173(4), pages 707-731, October.
    8. Jeromey B. Temple & Peter F. McDonald, 2018. "Australian migration propensities by visa class: an analysis of linked administrative data," Journal of Population Research, Springer, vol. 35(4), pages 399-416, December.
    9. James Raymer & Yanlin Shi & Qing Guan & Bernard Baffour & Tom Wilson, 2018. "The Sources and Diversity of Immigrant Population Change in Australia, 1981–2011," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 55(5), pages 1777-1802, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Dagmara Laukova & Aude Bernard & Toan Nguyen & Thomas Sigler, 2022. "The role of visa class in the location choices of immigrants in Australia at the regional and neighbourhood scales," Journal of Population Research, Springer, vol. 39(2), pages 201-231, June.

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