Technological Change and Employment: Creative Destruction

In dealing with the consequences of technological change, a lot of attention is given to the destruction of jobs and of old types of livelihoods, while the simultaneous or sequential creation of new jobs and livelihoods is often not given as much attention. This paper is based on the understanding that the process of technological change is one of creative destruction, and not just one of unmitigated destruction alone. Of course, the losers and gainers are often not the same people, which is a feature of technological change that must be kept in mind while fashioning policies to deal with technological change. The paper looks at different notions of technology and the appearance of anxiety caused by technological change, particularly in times of changes in core technology, like the current period. The effects of automation on job destruction, changing requirements from workers, the flexibility of working, and the development of digital Taylorism are dealt with in this study. This is followed by considering the development of Internet-based platforms such as Amazon, Uber, Airbnb, and Ola in e-commerce and transport services, all of which have created new kinds of jobs and challenge established notions of the nature of work. The paper ends by considering some of the implications of the analysis of technological change as creative destruction for economic methodology.