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An examination of the compatibility of World Bank policies towards population, development and biodiversity in the Third World

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  • Ian J. Rappel
  • Neil H. Thomas

    (University of Wales)

Abstract

This paper addresses the compatibility of World Bank policies towards population growth, development and biodiversity in the Third World. The World Bank has been central to the design and implementation of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the remit of which includes the conservation of global biodiversity. However, the Bank's influence over the facility has in itself created controversy which may undermine its effectiveness. More significantly, the Bank's commitment to the GEF is subverted by its policies in other social and economic sectors. The World Bank, together with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), directs the structural adjustment of Third World economies through economic deregulation and privatization. This approach exacerbates inequalities and further empowers large landowners who may then displace tenant farmers and claim exclusive rights to former common land. Thus, biodiversity loss occurs as large landowners reorientate the land use towards the production of export goods and dispossessed farmers invade marginal land. Population growth influences biodiversity loss through its contribution to agricultural intensification and the settlement of marginal land. The World Bank encourages this trend through its non-committal approach to population control, but more especially through structural adjustment's positive effect on fertility.

Suggested Citation

  • Ian J. Rappel & Neil H. Thomas, 1998. "An examination of the compatibility of World Bank policies towards population, development and biodiversity in the Third World," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 18(2), pages 95-108, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:envsyd:v:18:y:1998:i:2:d:10.1023_a:1006670308179
    DOI: 10.1023/A:1006670308179
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Srivastava, J. & Smith, N.J.H. & Forno, D., 1996. "Biodiversity and Agriculture: Implications for Conservation and Development," Papers 321, World Bank - Technical Papers.
    2. Tiffen, Mary & Mortimore, Michael, 1994. "Malthus controverted: The role of capital and technology in growth and environment recovery in Kenya," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 22(7), pages 997-1010, July.
    3. Pritchett, Lant H. & DEC, 1994. "Desired fertility and the impact of population policies," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1273, The World Bank.
    4. World Commission on Environment and Development,, 1987. "Our Common Future," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780192820808.
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