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Serena, Simone, and Semenya: After 50 Years, the Past, Present, and Future of Title IX

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  • Lisa A. Giddings

Abstract

This article reviews the origins and amendments to Title IX, its effects on girls and women in sports and beyond, as well as men and male sports in the United States. It goes on to explore current issues facing the law including intersex, nonbinary, and transgender athletes as well as recent regulatory attempts to balance fairness and inclusiveness in the legislation such as its effect on women of color, and equal pay in professional sports.

Suggested Citation

  • Lisa A. Giddings, 2024. "Serena, Simone, and Semenya: After 50 Years, the Past, Present, and Future of Title IX," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 25(8), pages 904-918, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:jospec:v:25:y:2024:i:8:p:904-918
    DOI: 10.1177/15270025241279603
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Betsey Stevenson, 2010. "Beyond the Classroom: Using Title IX to Measure the Return to High School Sports," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 92(2), pages 284-301, May.
    2. Carroll, Kathleen A. & Humphreys, Brad R., 2000. "Nonprofit decision making and social regulation: the intended and unintended consequences of Title IX," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 43(3), pages 359-376, November.
    3. Betsey Stevenson, 2007. "Title Ix And The Evolution Of High School Sports," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 25(4), pages 486-505, October.
    4. Susan L. Averett & Sarah M. Estelle, 2013. "The economics of Title IX compliance in intercollegiate athletics," Chapters, in: Eva Marikova Leeds & Michael A. Leeds (ed.), Handbook on the Economics of Women in Sports, chapter 9, pages 175-212, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    5. Deborah J. Anderson & John J. Cheslock, 2004. "Institutional Strategies to Achieve Gender Equity in Intercollegiate Athletics: Does Title IX Harm Male Athletes?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 94(2), pages 307-311, May.
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