IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/jjlobr/v8y2019i2p158-168.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A Measure of Social Media Marketing: Scale Development and Validation

Author

Listed:
  • Mohammad Furqan Khan
  • Anisa Jan

Abstract

With the evolution of social media the world has witnessed an information explosion. The role of social media in influencing the consumer behavior is huge, but the studies conducted in these areas are insignificant. Scholars have identified different variables over time to study social media marketing, but functionality-based approach was only investigated by Babac (Impact of social-media use on brand equity of magazine brands: A qualitative study of Vogue Turkey, Unpublished Master’s thesis, 2011) and Tresna and Wijaya (iBuss Management, 3: 37–48, 2015). Tresna and Wijaya’s (iBuss Management, 3: 37–48, 2015) study was based on Instagram, therefore, their scale could not be used for Facebook, because of the difference in website functionalities. Most of the social media marketing activities are carried on Facebook and to measure these marketing efforts a research instrument is needed. Therefore, this study is an attempt to develop a measurement scale to assess the influence of social media functionalities. In order to identify the factors of social media, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was run on a sample of 122 respondents in SPSS 20. EFA was run on 34 items and seven items were removed in the first round. In the second round EFA was run on the remaining 27 items and five items were dropped. Third time when EFA was run, all 22 items loaded well on the seven factors of social media with a cumulative variance of 82.95 percent. The scales reliability was tested by using Cronbach’s alpha which was above the threshold. Further the scale was also tested for convergent and discriminant validity, that indicated positive results. Therefore, 22 items scale to measure seven functionalities of social media websites was found to be reliable and valid. This study is unique because, a measurement scale to investigate the influence of social media functionalities of Facebook is developed. Previous study was based on Instagram and only six functionalities were measured, whereas this study has filled that gap by providing a full-fledged scale to measure the seven functionalities of social media. This scale can be further used to study the impact of these seven functionalities on various dimensions of consumer-based brand equity, purchase intentions, and brand experience.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammad Furqan Khan & Anisa Jan, 2019. "A Measure of Social Media Marketing: Scale Development and Validation," Jindal Journal of Business Research, , vol. 8(2), pages 158-168, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:jjlobr:v:8:y:2019:i:2:p:158-168
    DOI: 10.1177/2278682119850285
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2278682119850285
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1177/2278682119850285?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kaplan, Andreas M. & Haenlein, Michael, 2010. "Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media," Business Horizons, Elsevier, vol. 53(1), pages 59-68, January.
    2. Godey, Bruno & Manthiou, Aikaterini & Pederzoli, Daniele & Rokka, Joonas & Aiello, Gaetano & Donvito, Raffaele & Singh, Rahul, 2016. "Social media marketing efforts of luxury brands: Influence on brand equity and consumer behavior," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(12), pages 5833-5841.
    3. Bruno Godey & Aikaterini Manthiou & Daniele Pederzoli & Joonas Rokka & Gaetano Aiello & Raffaele Donvito & Rahul Singh, 2016. "Social media marketing efforts of luxury brands : Influence on brand equity and consumer behavior," Post-Print hal-02313434, HAL.
    4. Manfred Bruhn & Verena Schoenmueller & Daniela B. Schäfer, 2012. "Are social media replacing traditional media in terms of brand equity creation?," Management Research Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 35(9), pages 770-790, August.
    5. repec:gdk:wpaper:12 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Kietzmann, Jan H. & Hermkens, Kristopher & McCarthy, Ian P. & Silvestre, Bruno S., 2011. "Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media," Business Horizons, Elsevier, vol. 54(3), pages 241-251, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Zyad M. Alzaydi & Mohamed H. Elsharnouby, 2023. "Using social media marketing to pro-tourism behaviours: the mediating role of destination attractiveness and attitude towards the positive impacts of tourism," Future Business Journal, Springer, vol. 9(1), pages 1-13, December.
    2. Khan, Nawab Ali & Azhar, Mohd & Rahman, Mohd Nayyer & Akhtar, Mohd Junaid, 2022. "Scale development and validation for usage of social networking sites during COVID-19," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Shakeel ul Rehman & Rafia Gulzar & Wajeeha Aslam, 2022. "Developing the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) through Social Media (SM): The Modern Marketing Communication Approach," SAGE Open, , vol. 12(2), pages 21582440221, May.
    2. Luyi Qiu & Aro I & Timothy J. Lee & Jinok Susanna Kim, 2021. "How Sustainable Social Media Advertising Affect Visitors’ Decision to Attend a Festival Event?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-16, August.
    3. Khoirina Kencana Ningrum & Ratna Roostika, 2021. "The influence of social media marketing activities on consumer engagement and brand knowledge in the culinary business in Indonesia," International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), Center for the Strategic Studies in Business and Finance, vol. 10(5), pages 34-45, July.
    4. Faseeh Amin Beig & Mohammad Furqan Khan, 2018. "Impact of Social Media Marketing on Brand Experience: A Study of Select Apparel Brands on Facebook," Vision, , vol. 22(3), pages 264-275, September.
    5. Eun Ju Seo & Jin-Woo Park & Yu Jin Choi, 2020. "The Effect of Social Media Usage Characteristics on e-WOM, Trust, and Brand Equity: Focusing on Users of Airline Social Media," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-18, February.
    6. Sanne Ichelle Dubbelink & Carolina Herrando & Efthymios Constantinides, 2021. "Social Media Marketing as a Branding Strategy in Extraordinary Times: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-21, September.
    7. Abdulla H. Fetais & Raed S. Algharabat & Abdullah Aljafari & Nripendra P. Rana, 2023. "Do Social Media Marketing Activities Improve Brand Loyalty? An Empirical Study on Luxury Fashion Brands," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 25(2), pages 795-817, April.
    8. Zhang, Chu-Bing & Zhang, Zhuo-Ping & Chang, Ying & Li, Tian-Ge & Hou, Ru-Jing, 2022. "Effect of WeChat interaction on brand evaluation: A moderated mediation model of para-social interaction and affiliative tendency," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    9. Shawky, Sara & Kubacki, Krzysztof & Dietrich, Timo & Weaven, Scott, 2020. "A dynamic framework for managing customer engagement on social media," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 567-577.
    10. Sheng, Jie, 2019. "Being Active in Online Communications: Firm Responsiveness and Customer Engagement Behaviour," Journal of Interactive Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 40-51.
    11. Yong Wang & Shamim Chowdhury Ahmed & Shejun Deng & Haizhong Wang, 2019. "Success of Social Media Marketing Efforts in Retaining Sustainable Online Consumers: An Empirical Analysis on the Online Fashion Retail Market," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(13), pages 1-27, June.
    12. Misirlis, Nikolaos & Vlachopoulou, Maro, 2018. "Social media metrics and analytics in marketing – S3M: A mapping literature review," International Journal of Information Management, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 270-276.
    13. Amel Pintol & Nereida Hadziahmetovic, 2023. "The Mediating Role of Brand Trust in Social Media Marketing Activities and Brand Equity Relationship: Case of Bottled Water Brands in the Market of Bosnia and Herzegovina," European Journal of Business Science and Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Business and Economics, vol. 9(1), pages 5-20.
    14. Algharabat, Raed & Rana, Nripendra P. & Alalwan, Ali Abdallah & Baabdullah, Abdullah & Gupta, Ashish, 2020. "Investigating the antecedents of customer brand engagement and consumer-based brand equity in social media," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    15. Garavito, Judith Vergara & Franco, Pilar Álvarez & Rodríguez, Maribel Serna, 2021. "El retorno de la inversión en medios sociales (Social Media ROI). Una revisión de literatura," Revista Tendencias, Universidad de Narino, vol. 22(2), pages 331-348, July.
    16. Atthaphon Mumi & Michael Obal & Yi Yang, 2019. "Investigating social media as a firm’s signaling strategy through an IPO," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 53(3), pages 631-645, October.
    17. Mohammed Arshad Khan & Faisal Alhathal & Shahid Alam & Syed Mohd Minhaj, 2023. "Importance of Social Networking Sites and Determining Its Impact on Brand Image and Online Shopping: An Empirical Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-22, March.
    18. Holmqvist, Jonas & Wirtz, Jochen & Fritze, Martin P., 2020. "Luxury in the digital age: A multi-actor service encounter perspective," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 747-756.
    19. Korzynski, Pawel & Mazurek, Grzegorz & Haenlein, Michael, 2020. "Leveraging employees as spokespeople in your HR strategy: How company-related employee posts on social media can help firms to attract new talent," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 204-212.
    20. Patria Laksamana, 2020. "I will Always Follow You: Exploring the Role of Customer Relationship in Social Media Marketing," International Review of Management and Marketing, Econjournals, vol. 10(3), pages 22-28.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:sae:jjlobr:v:8:y:2019:i:2:p:158-168. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: SAGE Publications (email available below). General contact details of provider: .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.