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Trajectoires d'emploi précaire et formation continue

Author

Listed:
  • Coralie Perez
  • Gwenaëlle Thomas

Abstract

[spa] Trayectoria de empleos precarios y formacion continua . . AI permitir la adquisicion y la transmision de conocimientos y facilitar la adaptacion de los trabajadores ante la demanda de empleo de las entidades, la formacion durante la vida activa (formacion continua) puede frenar el crecimiento de la precariedad dei empleo y ayudar a estabilizar las trayectorias profesionales marcadas, en su mayorfa, por la incertidumbre y el desempleo. A fin de proporcionar un mejor enfoque de la precariedad que la mera consideracion de la condicion profesional en un momento dado, siete tipos de trayectorias profesionales caracterizan los activos mas expuestos a la precariedad entre 1997 y 2000, desde itinerarios donde predomina el desempleo hasta aquéllos marcados por la flexibilidad delempleo (Contrato de Tiempo Definido, empleo interino). Aunque contando con las mismas condiciones, las personas ubicadas en estas trayectorias tienen menos oportunidades que otras (empleados " estables") de acceder a la formacion. Su duracion, en promedio mas larga, parece compensar a primera vista esta desventaja e indicar una formacion mas calificada. Dicho analisis totalmente positivo oculta, en realidad, profundas desigualdades dentro de una poblacion marcada por la precariedad. En cuanto al acceso a la formacion, los itinerarios dominados por periodos de practicas y contratos subvencionados, asf como por empleos temporales de la Funcion Pûblica son las ûnicas categorfas ubicadas en un nivel comparable al de las personas en una situacion estable. Las largas formaciones se relacionan con el desempleo y, sobre todo, con la financiacion estatal; mientras que el empleo flexible brinda mas bien formaciones al empleo desempenado, de corta duracion. Por ende, los trabajadores con sueldos precarios tienen menos oportunidad de acceder a una formacion financiada por el empresario que los trabajadores estables y pocas oportunidades de acceder a una formacion cualitativa financiada por el Estado. [eng] Job Insecurity and Continuous Training: Implications for Career Paths . . Training during working Iife (continuous training) is Iikely to improve job security and increase the stability of professional career paths characterised by uncertainty and unemployment. Such training encourages knowledge acquisition and transfer whilst enabling workers to adapt to the needs of businesses. The career paths of workers most exposed to job insecurity from 1997 to 2000 can be divided into seven categories, ranging from those dominated by unemployment to those characterised by employment flexibility (e. g. fixed term and temporary contracts). Such an approach aims to facilitate a better understanding of job insecurity, as opposed to one that simply considers a particular professional situation at a given moment. Ali things being equal, people with such career paths have fewer opportunities than others (i. e. " stable" salaried employees) to access training. The generally lengthy duration of such training seems initially to compensate for this disadvantage, and is also a feature of courses more likely to lead to a qualification. This largely positive statement masks deep inequalities amongst those affected by job insecurity. Only people in work placements, subsidised contracts and temporary jobs in the civil service have access to training opportunities similar to those available within stable employment situations. Lengthy training courses are associated with unemployment and are chiefly State-financed, whilst flexible employment tends to facilitate access to short term job-related training courses. As such, those facing job insecurity have less chance to access training financed by their employer than those in stable employment, and few opportunities to gain a qualification via Statefinanced training. [fre] En permettant l'acquisition et le transfert de savoirs et en facilitant l'adaptation des travailleurs à la demande d'emploi des entreprises, la formation en cours de vie active (formation continue) est susceptible de freiner le développement de la précarité de l'emploi et d'aider à la stabilisation des trajectoires professionnelles les plus marquées par l'incertitude et le chômage. Afin de permettre une meilleure approche de la précarité que la simple prise en compte de l'état professionnel à un moment donné, sept trajectoires professionnelles types caractérisent les actifs les plus exposés à la précarité sur la période 1997-2000, depuis des itinéraires dominés par le chômage, jusqu'à ceux marqués par la flexibilité de l'emploi (CDD, intérim). Toutes choses égales par ailleurs, les personnes situées sur ces trajectoires ont moins de chance que les autres (salariés « stables ») d'accéder à la formation. La durée de celle-ci, en moyenne plus longue, semble à première vue compenser ce handicap. Elle est également l'indice d'une formation plus qualifiante. Ce constat globalement positif recouvre en réalité de profondes inégalités au sein de la population marquée par la précarité. En matière d'accès à la formation, les itinéraires dominés par les stages et contrats aidés ainsi que les emplois temporaires de la Fonction publique sont les seules catégories à se situer à un niveau comparable à celui des personnes bénéficiant d'une situation stable. Les formations longues sont associées au chômage et principalement financées par l'État ; tandis que l'emploi flexible donne plutôt accès à des formations d'adaptation à l'emploi occupé, de courte durée. Ainsi, les salariés précaires ont à la fois moins de chances d'accéder à une formation financée par l'employeur que leurs homologues stables, et peu d'opportunités de suivre une formation qualifiante financée par l'État. [ger] Prekäre Beschaftigungsverhältnisse und Weiterbildung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indem die berufliehe Weiterbildung den Erwerb und die Weitergabe von Kenntnissen fërdert und die Anpassung der Arbeitnehmer an die Besehaftigungsnachfrage der Unternehmen erleiehtert, kann sie der Zunahme prekarer Besehaftigungsverhaltnisse entgegenwirken und zur Stabilisierung der berufliehen Laufbahnen, die am meisten von Unsieherheit und Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen sind, beitragen. Um die Prekaritat besser ais dureh die bloBe Berüeksichtigung des berufliehen Zustands zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt anzugehen, werden die Erwerbstatigen, die der Prekaritat zwisehen 1997 und 2000 am meisten ausgesetzt waren, anhand von sieben typisehen berufliehen Werdegangen eharakterisiert, angefangen von den von Arbeitslosigkeit dominierten Werdegangen bis hin zu denjenigen, die von der Flexibilisierung der Besehaftigung (befristete Arbeitsvertrage, Zeitarbeit) gepragt sind. Unter ansonsten gleiehen Voraussetzungen haben die Personen mit solehen Werdegangen weniger Chaneen ais die anderen (die " stabileri" Arbeitnehmer), Zugang zur Ausbildung zu erlangen. Deren im Sehnitt langere Dauer seheint auf den ersten Blick dieses Handikap auszugleiehen. Sie ist aueh das Indiz für eine qualifizierende Ausbildung. Diese insgesamt positive Feststellung entspricht in Wirkliehkeit tiefgreifenden Ungleiehheiten innerhalb der von der Prekaritat gepragten Population. Beim Zugang zur Ausbildung sind die von Praktika und FërdermaBnahmen dominierten Laufbahnen sowie die Zeitvertrage im ëffentlichen Dienst die einzigen Kategorien, deren Lage sieh mit derjenigen der stabilen Arbeitnehmer vergleiehen lasst. Die langen Ausbildungszeiten sind durch die Arbeitslosigkeit bedingt und werden hauptsaehlieh vom Staat finanziert, wohingegen bei flexiblen Besehaftigungen eher kürzere Schulungen angeboten werden, die eine Anpassung an die Erfordernisse eines bestehenden Arbeitsverhaltnisses ermëglichen soie len. Mithin haben die prekaren Arbeitnehmer zugleieh weniger Chaneen ais die anderen, eine von ihrem Arbeitgeber finanzierte Ausbildung zu erhalten, und nur wenige Gelegenheiten, eine vom Staat finanzierte qualifizierende Ausbildung zu absolvieren.

Suggested Citation

  • Coralie Perez & Gwenaëlle Thomas, 2005. "Trajectoires d'emploi précaire et formation continue," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 388(1), pages 107-127.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2005_num_388_1_7172
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2005.7172
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2005.7172
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wiji Arulampalam & Alison L. Booth, 1998. "Training and Labour Market Flexibility: Is There a Trade-off?," British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics, vol. 36(4), pages 521-536, December.
    2. Dominique Goux & Éric Maurin, 1997. "Les entreprises, les salariés et la formation continue," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 306(1), pages 41-55.
    3. Denis Fougère & Dominique Goux & Éric Maurin, 2001. "Formation continue et carrières salariales. Une évaluation sur données individuelles," Annals of Economics and Statistics, GENES, issue 62, pages 49-69.
    4. Coralie Perez, 2003. "La formation des agents de la Fonction publique au miroir du secteur privé," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-00375035, HAL.
    5. Pauline Givord & Éric Maurin, 2003. "La montée de l'instabilité professionnelle et ses causes," Revue économique, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 54(3), pages 617-626.
    6. Perez, C., 2001. "Evaluer les programmes d'emploi et de formation: L'experience americaine," Dossiers de recherche- 18, Centre d'etudes de l'emploi.
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    1. Cathel Kornig & Nathalie Louit-Martinod & Philippe Méhaut, 2016. "Reducing precarious work in Europe through social dialogue : the case of France," Working Papers hal-01451329, HAL.
    2. Mathilde Guergoat-Larivière & Coralie Perez, 2017. "Adjustments of firms and continuous training of workers in times of crisis in France [Formation continue des salariés en temps de crise : quels liens avec les ajustements pratiqués par leurs entreprises ?]," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-01710063, HAL.
    3. Christina Purcell & Paul Brook & Rosemary Lucas, 2011. "Between Keeping Your Head Down and Trying to Get Noticed: Agency Workers in French Car Assembly Plants," management revue - Socio-Economic Studies, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, vol. 22(2), pages 169-187.

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