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Une analyse du recours aux services de garde d'enfants

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  • Olivier Guillot

Abstract

[spa] Un análisis del recurso a los servicios de guardia de niños . . Según los datos de la encuesta Organización del tiempo 1998-1999, más del 85 % de los hogares donde vive al menos un niño no escolarizado, cuya madre es activa ocupada, recurren a una ayuda externa para el cuidado de su(s) niño(s) jóven(es). Algunos recurren exclusivamente a un miembro de la familia o a unos amigos (fuera del hogar), siendo gratuita esa ayuda informal. La mayor parte sin embargo acude a uno o varios servicios de pago: acogida en casa de una ninera, guardia a domicilia, guardería infantil. Los hogares cuyos hijos van a la escuela acuden menos a los servicios de guardia que aquellos que tienen al menos un niño no escolarizado, y si acuden a ese tipo de servicios, lo hacen por menos tiempo a la semana. Entre estos hogares, la tasa de recurso a una ayuda externa remunerada o no, tampoco es de menospreciar: casi los dos tercios se ven obligados a dejar en guardia a sus hijos, al menos de manera ocasional, fuera de los horarios de escuela. La duración y los horarios laborales de la madre son uno de los elementos que hacen que los hogares con niños escolarizados elijan entre la guardia remunerada, la ayuda informal y la guardia intra-hogar. Un tiempo parcial •corto ”, incluso no deseado, puede facilitar la conciliación entre vida familiar y vida profesional, y hace que sea menos frecuente el acudir a una ayuda de los allegados. A la inversa, cuando la madre tiene unos horarios laborales que no le dan libertad a últimas horas de la tarde, la probabilidad de acudir a una guardia remunerada es mayor. Otros dos factores son determinantes: el nivel de recursos (los hogares más holgados recurren con más frecuencia a servicios de pago) y la composición demográfica del hogar (la presencia de otro adulto o de niños mayores favorecen la guardia intra-hogar). [fre] Une analyse du recours aux services de garde d'enfants . . D’après les chiffres de l’enquête Emploi du temps . 1998-1999, plus de 85 % des ménages où vit au moins un enfant non scolarisé, dont la mère est active occupée, ont recours à une aide extérieure pour la garde de leur(s) jeune(s) enfant(s). Certains s’adressent exclusivement à un membre de la famille ou à des amis (hors ménage), cette garde informelle étant assurée gratuitement. La plupart, cependant, font appel à un ou plusieurs services payants: accueil chez une assistante maternelle, garde à domicile, crèche ou halte-garderie. Les ménages dont les jeunes enfants sont tous scolarisés sont certes moins nombreux à utiliser des services de garde que ceux qui ont au moins un enfant non scolarisé, et lorsqu’ils y font appel, c’est pour une durée hebdomadaire généralement plus courte. Chez ces ménages, toutefois, le taux de recours à une aide extérieure, rémunérée ou non, est loin d’être négligeable: près des deux tiers d’entre eux sont amenés à faire garder leurs enfants, au moins occasionnellement, en dehors des heures d’école. La durée et les horaires de travail de la mère sont un des éléments qui interviennent dans le choix que font les ménages ayant de jeunes enfants scolarisés entre garde rémunérée, aide informelle et garde intra ménage. Un temps partiel «court», même non choisi, est de nature à faciliter la conciliation entre vie familiale et vie professionnelle, rendant par là même moins probable le recours aux proches. À l’inverse, lorsque la mère a des horaires de travail qui ne lui permettent pas toujours d’être disponible en fin de journée, la probabilité de faire appel à une garde rémunérée est plus élevée. Deux autres facteurs ont un rôle déterminant: le niveau de ressources (les foyers les plus aisés ayant davantage recours aux services payants) et la composition démographique du ménage (la présence d’un autre adulte ou d’enfants plus âgés favorisant la garde intraménage). [eng] An Analysis of the use of Childminding Services . . The 1998-1999 Use of Time survey figures show that over 85% of households with at least one child of preschool age and the mother at work use external assistance to mind their young child or children. Some rely exclusively on free, informal childminding by a family member or friends (outside the household). Most, however, use one or more paid services: professional child minders, nannies, crèches and day nurseries. Obviously, households with all their young children in school are less likely to use childminding services than those who have at least one child of preschool age. When they do use these services, it is generally for a shorter length of time per week. However, the use of paid or unpaid external assistance by these households is far from negligible: nearly two-thirds have to have their children minded at least occasionally outside of school hours. The mother’s working hours are one of the factors involved in the choice made by households with young children at school between paid childminding, informal assistance and in-household childminding. •Short” part-time work, even when it is involuntary, is likely to make it easier to reconcile family life with work, this in itself making relying on friends and family less probable. Conversely, the probability of using paid childminding is higher when the mother has working hours that do not always allow her to be available at the end of the day. Two other factors play a decisive role: the level of resources (the most well-off households use paid services more) and the demographic make-up of the household (the presence of another adult or older children is conducive to in-household childminding). [ger] Analyse der Inanspruchnahme von Kinderbetreuungsdiensten . . Nach den Zahlen der Erhebung «Emploi du temps» . (Zeiteinteilung) 1998-1999 nehmen mehr als 85 % der Haushalte mit mindestens einem noch nicht schulpflichtigen Kind, dessen Mutter erwerbstätig ist, eine externe Hilfe für die Betreuung des bzw. der Kinder in Anspruch. Manche wenden sich ausschließlich an Mitglieder der Familie oder an Freunde (außerhalb des Haushalts), wobei diese informelle Betreuung unentgeltlich erfolgt. Die meisten nehmen aber einen oder mehrere Dienste gegen Entgelt in Anspruch: Aufnahme bei einer Kinderbetreuerin, Betreuung zu Hause, Kinderkrippe oder Kindergarten. . . Die Haushalte mit schulpflichtigen Kindern nehmen Betreuungsdienste weniger in Anspruch als diejenigen, die mindestens ein nicht schulpflichtiges Kind haben; und wenn sie dies dennoch tun, dann erfolgt dies in der Regel in einer wöchentlich kürzeren Dauer. Bei diesen Haushalten ist die Quote des Rückgriffs auf eine externe Hilfe •ganz gleich, ob diese unentgeltlich erbracht wird oder nicht •aber nicht unerheblich: fast zwei Drittel von ihnen müssen •sei es auch nur gelegentlich •ihre Kinder außerhalb der Schulzeiten betreuen lassen. . . Bei der Wahl der Haushalte mit schulpflichtigen Kindern zwischen Betreuung gegen Entgelt, informeller Hilfe und Betreuung daheim spielen Arbeitsdauer und •zeiten der Mutter eine wesentliche Rolle. Bei einer «kurzen» Teilzeitarbeit, auch wenn sie nicht gewählt wurde, lassen sich Familien-und Berufsleben leichter miteinander vereinbaren, sodass die Inanspruchnahme einer Hilfe von Bekannten und Verwandten weniger wahrscheinlich ist. Ist dagegen die Mutter aufgrund ihrer Arbeitszeiten am Ende des Tages nicht verfügbar, ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit größer, dass auf eine Betreuung gegen Entgelt zurückgegriffen wird. Entscheidend sind noch zwei weitere Faktoren: das Einkommen (die wohlhabendsten Haushalte nehmen eine Betreuung gegen Entgelt in stärkerem Maße in Anspruch) und die demografische Zusammensetzung des Haushalts (die Anwesenheit eines anderen Erwachsenen oder älterer Kinder begünstigt die Betreuung daheim).

Suggested Citation

  • Olivier Guillot, 2002. "Une analyse du recours aux services de garde d'enfants," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 352(1), pages 213-230.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2002_num_352_1_7400
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2002.7400
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2002.7400
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    1. Maja Debacker, 2008. "Care strategies among high- and low-skilled mothers: a world of difference?," Work, Employment & Society, British Sociological Association, vol. 22(3), pages 527-545, September.
    2. Olivier Guillot, 2004. "Choix d’activité des mères vivant en couple et recours aux services de garde d’enfants," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 162(1), pages 51-69.

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