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Les PME de l'industrie : un dynamisme plus apparent que réel

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  • Nadine Mouy

Abstract

[spa] Las pymes de la industria : un dinamismo . Las empresas industrials de mâs de 20 asalariados que existîan en 1 995 desde mâs de once anos, han perdido el 15% de su plantilla en el période Aquellas de mâs de 500 asalariados en 1984 han sufrido una fuerte baja (-30%), mientras que las pequenas (menos de 50 asalariados) se habîan ganado un 27 % de asalariados. Sin embargo no se puede deducir de ello que las pequenas empresas industriales crean empleos, cuando las grandes los destruyen. Las evoluciones del empleo industrial medidas a partir del tamano medio de las empresas en el mismo periodo son mâs matizadas. Otros factores como el sector de actividad y su grado de concentraciôn , o el modo de . mâs aparente que real gestion de la empresa, pueden explicar la evoluciôn de las plantillas. . Dépende el ritmo de crecimiento de una empresa de su tamano? Numerosos estudios empfricos tienden a comprobarlo. Los mâs recientes conciernen a los paîses anglosajones : dichos estudios muestran que la tasa de crecimiento de las empresas disminuye un poco con el tamano. Nuestro estudio realizado con datos de la encuesta anual de empresa amplîa el resultado para Francia. Pero se funda en empresas perennes entre 1984 y 1995. La reintroducciôn de las empresas creadas o desaparecidas entre estos anos invita a matizar el resultado. [ger] Die KMU des Industriesektors: eine eher scheinbare als wirkliche Dynamik . Industrieunternehmen mit mehr als 20 Beschàftigten, die 1 995 seit mehr als 1 1 Jahren existierten, haben wâhrend dieses Zeitraums 15% ihrer Beschàftigten verloren. Unternehmen, die 1984 mehr als 500 Beschàftigte zàhlten, hatten einen spùrbaren Rùckgang (-30%) zu verzeichnen, wàhrend die kleinen Unternehmen (weniger als 50 Beschàftigte im gleichen Zeitraum) eine Zunahme ihrer Beschàftigten urn 27% kannten. Es ware dennoch gewagt daraus zu schlieGen, daG die kleinen Industrieunternehmen Arbeitsplàtze schaffen, wàhrend die groGen Stellen abbauen. Zieht man als Bewertungsgrundlage die durchschnittliche GroGe der Unternehmen in diesem Zeitraum heran, ist die Entwicklung der Beschàftigung in der Industrie differenzierter zu sehen. Weitere Faktoren - wie der Wirtschaftszweig und sein Konzentrationsgrad oder die Art der Geschâftsfùhrung - kônnen ebenfalls die Entwicklung der Beschâftigtenzahl erklàren. Hàngt das Wachstumstempo eines Untemehmens von seiner GroGe ab? Zahlreiche empirische Studien versuchten, dieser Frage nachzugehen. Die jungsten Untersuchungen betreffen die angelsàchsischen Lander und verdeutlichen, daG die Wachstumsrate der Unternehmen mit ihrer GrôGe geringfùgig abnimmt. Der vorliegenden Studie zufolge, die anhand der Daten der jàhrlichen Unternehmenserhebung durchgefùhrt wurde, gilt fur Frankreich dieselbe Feststellung. Sie betrifft aber Unternehmen, die zwischen 1984 und 1995 existierten. Die Einbeziehung der Unternehmen, die zwischen diesen beiden Zeitpunkten gegrùndet oder aufgelôst wurden, hat jedoch eine Nuancierung dieses Ergebnisses zur Folge. [fre] Les PME de l'industrie : un dynamisme plus apparent que réel . Les entreprises industrielles de plus de 20 salariés, qui existaient en 1995 depuis plus de 1 1 ans ont perdu 15 % de leurs effectifs au cours de cette période. Celles de plus de 500 salariés en 1 984 ont été affectées par une baisse sensible (- 30 %), alors que les petites (moins de 50 salariés à la même date) avaient gagné 27 % de salariés. Il serait pourtant hasardeux d'en déduire que les petites entreprises industrielles créent des emplois alors que les grandes en détruisent. Les évolutions de l'emploi industriel mesurées cette fois à partir de la taille moyenne des entreprises au cours de cette période sont d'ailleurs plus nuancées. D'autres facteurs comme le secteur d'activité et son degré de concentration, ou le mode de gestion de l'entreprise, peuvent gaiement expliquer l'évolution des effectifs. . Le rythme de croissance d'une entreprise dépend-il de sa taille ? De nombreuses études empiriques ont tenté de le vérifier. Les plus récentes concernent les pays anglo-saxons : elles montrent que le taux de croissance des entreprises diminue légèrement avec la taille. La présente étude réalisée sur les données de l'enquête annuelle d'Entreprise élargit ce constat à la France. Mais elle porte sur des entreprises pérennes entre 1984 et 1995. La réintroduction des entreprises créées ou disparues entre ces deux dates amène à nuancer ce résultat. [eng] Industrial SMEs: Apparent Rather than Real Buoyancy . Industrial companies with over 20 employees and established for more than 1 1 years in 1 995 lost 1 5% of their staff over the period. Those with more than 500 employees in 1984 made substantial job cuts (-30%) while employee figures rose 27% for the smallest firms with under 50 employees. It would be dangerous to conclude from this that small industrial enterprises create jobs while large industrial enterprises cut them. Industrial employment trends measured here using the average company size over the period are not as clear-cut. Staff trends can also be explained by other factors such as the . business sector and its extent of concentration, or the company's type of management. Does a company's growth rate depend on its size? Many empirical studies have tried to check this. The most recent concern English-speaking countries. They show that the corporate growth rate decreases slightly with size. This study draws on Annual Business Survey data and extends the observation to France. However, it concerns companies in business throughout the period from 1 984 to 1995. The introduction of companies created or liquidated over the period makes this finding less clear-cut.

Suggested Citation

  • Nadine Mouy, 1998. "Les PME de l'industrie : un dynamisme plus apparent que réel," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 319(1), pages 179-194.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1998_num_319_1_2676
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1998.2676
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1998.2676
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    8. Hart, Peter E & Oulton, Nicholas, 1996. "Growth and Size of Firms," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 106(438), pages 1242-1252, September.
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    1. Richard Duhautois, 2002. "Les réallocations d'emplois en France sont-elles en phase avec le cycle ?," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 351(1), pages 87-103.

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