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Les échanges internationaux modifient la demande de travail

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  • Olivier Cortes
  • Sébastien Jean

Abstract

[fre] Les échanges internationaux modifient la demande de travail . Dans la plupart des pays industrialisés, le marché du travail est marqué par un important accroissement des disparités de salaire et de taux de chômage entre les travailleurs qualifiés et non qualifiés depuis la fin des années soixante-dix. Le progrès technique et le développement des échanges internationaux apparaissent comme les deux candidats les plus sérieux pour expliquer cette évolution. Plusieurs travaux récents constatent un lien robuste entre des observations propres au marché du travail, c'est-à-dire le salaire ou l'emploi, et des variables de commerce, notamment les prix et les volumes de biens échangés. . Quels sont les mécanismes et l'ampleur d'une telle relation ? Les théories du commerce international recommendent de s'appuyer sur les mouvements de prix relatifs. Ils sont hélas aussi difficiles à observer qu'à utiliser. Aussi de nombreux auteurs ont-ils recours aux volumes de commerce pour en estimer l'impact sur le marché du travail, au travers des changements de spécialisation sectorielle par exemple. De telles estimations négligent un effet essentiel : celui du commerce sur les structures productives. De nombreuses études empiriques sur les pays en développement indiquent que le commerce, via des économies d'échelle, a souvent contribué aux gains de productivité du secteur exportateur. Les rares études sur les pays développés concluent qu'une plus grande concurrence par les importations se traduit par des gains de productivité non négligeables. [eng] International Trade Changes the Demand for Labour . Wage and unemployment rate disparities have been widening substantially between skilled and unskilled workers on labour markets in most of the industrialised countries since the end of the 1970s. Technological change and the growth in international trade are the two most likely candidates for an explanation of this development. A number of recent studies have found a robust link between observations specific to the labour market (wages and employment) and trade variables (especially prices and the volumes of goods traded). . What mechanisms are driving this relation and what is its magnitude? International trade theories advocate monitoring relative price movements. Unfortunately, these are as hard to observe as they are to use. Therefore, many authors use trade volumes to estimate the impact of these movements on the labour market, for example through changes in sectorspecialisation. Such estimates overlook the crucial effect of trade on productive structures. Many empirical studies of less developed countries posit that trade, via economies of scale, has often contributed to productivity gains in the export sector. The few studies made of developed countries find that greater competition from imports results in not-inconsiderable productivity gains. [ger] Der weltweite Handel ândert die Arbeitsnachfrage . In den meisten Industrielàndern zeichnet sich der Arbeit- smarkt seit Ende der siebziger Jahre durch eine deutliche Zunahme der Disparitâten der Lôhne und Arbeitslosen- quoten zwischen den qualifizierten und nichtqualifizierten Arbeitnehmem aus. Dertechnische Fortschritt und die Zunahme des weltweiten Handels scheinen die zwei plausi- belsten Faktoren zur Erklàrung dieser Entwicklung zu sein. In mehreren in jûngster Zeit durchgefùhrten Arbeiten wird eine feste Beziehung zwischen arbeitsmarktspezifi- schen Beobachtungen, das heiBt dem Verdienst oder der Beschàftigung, und Handelsvariablen, insbesondere den Preisen und den Volumina des Gûteraustausches, fest- gestellt. . Welches sind die Mechanismen und der Umfang einer sol- chen Beziehung? Den Theorien des Welthandels zufolge soil man sich an den relativen Preisbewegungen orien- tieren. Doch sind dièse leider genauso schwierig zu beo- bachten wie zu verwenden. Aus diesem Grunde ziehen zahlreiche Autoren die Handelsvolumina heran, um deren Auswirkung auf den Arbeitsmarkt zu schâtzen, beispiels- weise ûber die Ànderungen der sektoralen Spezialisierun- gen. Solche Schàtzungen vemachlàssigen aber einen wesentlichen Effekt, und zwar den EinfluB des Handels auf die Produktionsstrukturen. Aus zahlreichen empiri- schen Studien ùber die Entwicklungslânder geht hervor, da8 der Handel aufgrund von Skaleneffekten oftmals zu Produktivitâtssteigerungen im Exportsektor beigetragen hat. Die wenigen Studien ùber die Industrielânder gelan- gen zu dem SchluB, daf3 eine grôBere Konkurrenz durch die Einfuhren nicht unerhebliche Produktivitâtssteigerungen zur Folge hat. [spa] Los intercambios internacionales modifican la demanda de trabajo . En la mayor parte de los paises industrializados, un importante crecimiento de las disparidades salariales y del tipo de desempleo entre trabajadores cualificados y no cualificados desde finales de los setenta afecta al mercado de trabajo. El progreso técnico y el desarrollo de los intercambios internacionales aparecen como los dos aspirantes mâs serios para explicar esta evoluciôn. Varios estudios recientes constatan un fuerte vinculo entre unas observaciones propias del mercado de trabajo, o sea el salario y el empleo, y unas variables de comercio, los precios y los volûmenes de bienes intercambiados antes que todo. . Cuâles son los mecanismos y la amplitud de dicha re- laciôn ? Las teon'as de comercio intemacional recomiendan basarse en los movimientos de precios relativos. Son desgraciadamente tan dif iciles de observar como de utilizar. Asimismo numerosos autores recurren a volûmenes de comercio para valorar el impacto de dichos movimientos en el mercado de trabajo, a través de los cambios de especializaciôn sectorial por ejemplo. Numerosos estudios empîricos sobre los pai'ses en vfas de desarrollo indican que el comercio, vfa unas economfas de escala, ha favorecido a menudo las ganancias de productividad del sector exportador. Los pocos estudios sobre los pafses desarrollados Ilegan a la conclusion de que una mayor competencia por las importaciones se traduce por unas ganancias de productividad que no son de mesestimar.

Suggested Citation

  • Olivier Cortes & Sébastien Jean, 1997. "Les échanges internationaux modifient la demande de travail," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 301(1), pages 45-50.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1997_num_301_1_2531
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1997.2531
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1997.2531
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    References listed on IDEAS

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