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Productivité et compétitivité comparées des grands pays industriels

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  • Philippe Guinchard

Abstract

[fre] Au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale, l'industrie américaine était beaucoup plus productive que ses concurrentes. Elle a largement perdu cette suprématie. Mais le rééquilibrage intervenu au cours des trente dernières années n'implique pas de convergence entre les principaux pays industrialisés. Le Royaume-Uni n'a rien rattrapé de son retard, la France et l'Allemagne fédérale ont comblé une bonne partie du leur, tandis que le Japon annulait globalement le sien. Les situations par branche sont aussi très diverses. Au Japon par exemple, la productivité est très élevée dans la sidérurgie, le matériel électrique et électronique, la construction mécanique, très faible au contraire dans le textile et l'agro-alimentaire. Et les différences de salaires entre branches ne gomment que très partiellement les différences de productivité. Deux pays, le Japon et l'Allemagne fédérale, dégagent les plus forts excédents commerciaux. Mais ils le font selon deux logiques opposées. Au Japon, les branches excédentaires ont des productivités élevées, une croissance forte, et sont favorisées par une sous-évaluation du yen. En Allemagne fédérale, les excédents se fondent plutôt sur une réputation de qualité et de savoir-faire, et sont compatibles avec des coûts unitaires élevés et une monnaie surévaluée. L'industrie française ne bénéficie d'aucune de ces deux configurations. [eng] Comparative productivity and competitiveness of the major industrial countries - Just after the Second World War, American industry was much more productive than its competitors. It has largely lost this supremacy. But the new balance that has arisen in the course of the last thirty years does not imply a convergence among the principal industrialized countries. The United Kingdom has in no way caught up, France and West Germany have regained a good deal of lost ground, whereas Japan has entirely arrived. The situations in each branch are also very diverse. In Japan, for example, productivity is very high in the steel industry, electric and electronic equipment, and machinery, but, on the contrary, very weak in textiles and food production. And differences in wages between branches efface only very partially the differences in productivity. Two countries, Japan and West Germany, obtain the largest trade surpluses. But they accomplish this by following opposite systems of logique. In Japan, the branches where there are surpluses show high productivity, strong growth, and have the advantage of an undervalued yen. In West Germany, the surpluses are based rather on a reputation for quality and know-how, and are compatible with high unit costs and an overvalued currency. French industry does not benefit from either of these configurations. [spa] Productividad y com petit ividad com paradas entre grandes paises industriales - En la inmediatasegunda posguerra, la industria norteamericana eramucho más productique sus competidoras. Perdío rotundamente esta supremacía. Pero el reequilibrio intervenido en el transcurso de los últimos treinta años no implica convergencia alguna entre los principales paises industrializados. El Reino Unido no superó su atraso, Francia y Alamenia federal lo superaron algo, mientras que Japon lo anulaba enteramente. Las situaciones por rama industrial son también sumamente diversas. En Japon, por ejemplo, la productividad es considerablemente elevada en la siderurgía, material eléctrico y electrónico, construcción mecánica, poco elevada, al contrario, en las ramas textil y agroalimenticia y las desemejanzas de salarios entre ramas no suelen borrar más que en parte las desemejanzas de productividad. De dos países, Japon y Alemania federal, se desprende el mayor superávit comercial pero según dos lógicas opuestas. En Japon, las ramas en superávit tienen productividad es elevadas, un crecimiento de consideración y se ven aventajadas por una subelevación del yen. En Alemania federal, el superávit es más pronto consecuencia de una fama de calidad y de tino y es compatible con elevados costes unitarios y un cambio supervalorado. La industria francesa no beneficia hoy día de ninguna de ambas configuraciones.

Suggested Citation

  • Philippe Guinchard, 1984. "Productivité et compétitivité comparées des grands pays industriels," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 162(1), pages 3-13.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1984_num_162_1_4820
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1984.4820
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1984.4820
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    1. Kravis, Irving B, 1976. "A Survey of International Comparisons of Productivity," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 86(341), pages 1-44, March.
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