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Morning wake-time and the time of teaching/assessment session can influence test score

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  • Kosha J. Mehta

    (King’s College London)

Abstract

Circadian rhythm affects cognition and learning. However, there is insufficient data on the influence of circadian rhythm on academic performance of higher education students. It is crucial to understand the association between test scores and the elements of circadian rhythm like morning wake-time, time of teaching-learning session, nap, and nap duration. This study aimed to examine whether the time of session (in which teaching was followed by a formative assessment), and morning wake-time, napping or nap duration on the assessment day differed between high and low scorers. Data showed that mean and median wake-times were 8 am (n = 807). Wake-time of 8:30 am showed the largest proportion of high scorers (73.1% students) and wake-time of 7:30 am showed the largest proportion of low scorers (21.6% students). However, the distribution of wake-times did not significantly differ between high scorers (score > =75%) and low scorers (score

Suggested Citation

  • Kosha J. Mehta, 2025. "Morning wake-time and the time of teaching/assessment session can influence test score," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 12(1), pages 1-9, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:pal:palcom:v:12:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1057_s41599-025-04460-4
    DOI: 10.1057/s41599-025-04460-4
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Frédéric Dutheil & Benjamin Danini & Reza Bagheri & Maria Livia Fantini & Bruno Pereira & Farès Moustafa & Marion Trousselard & Valentin Navel, 2021. "Effects of a Short Daytime Nap on the Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-17, September.
    2. Kosha J. Mehta, 2022. "Effect of sleep and mood on academic performance—at interface of physiology, psychology, and education," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 9(1), pages 1-13, December.
    3. Timothy M. Diette & Manu Raghav, 2017. "Does early bird catch the worm or a lower GPA? Evidence from a liberal arts college," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(33), pages 3341-3350, July.
    4. Alessio Gaggero & Denni Tommasi, 2023. "Time of Day and High-Stake Cognitive Assessments," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 133(652), pages 1407-1429.
    5. Sing Chen Yeo & Clin K. Y. Lai & Jacinda Tan & Samantha Lim & Yuvan Chandramoghan & Teck Kiang Tan & Joshua J. Gooley, 2023. "Early morning university classes are associated with impaired sleep and academic performance," Nature Human Behaviour, Nature, vol. 7(4), pages 502-514, April.
    6. Williams, Kevin M. & Shapiro, Teny Maghakian, 2018. "Academic achievement across the day: Evidence from randomized class schedules," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 158-170.
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