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Respiratory risks from wildfire-specific PM2.5 across multiple countries and territories

Author

Listed:
  • Yiwen Zhang

    (Monash University)

  • Rongbin Xu

    (Monash University)

  • Wenzhong Huang

    (Monash University)

  • Tingting Ye

    (Monash University)

  • Pei Yu

    (Monash University)

  • Wenhua Yu

    (Monash University)

  • Yao Wu

    (Monash University)

  • Yanming Liu

    (Monash University)

  • Zhengyu Yang

    (Monash University)

  • Bo Wen

    (Monash University)

  • Ke Ju

    (Monash University)

  • Jiangning Song

    (Monash University)

  • Michael J. Abramson

    (Monash University)

  • Amanda Johnson

    (Monash University)

  • Anthony Capon

    (Monash University)

  • Bin Jalaludin

    (the University of New South Wales)

  • Donna Green

    (the University of New South Wales)

  • Eric Lavigne

    (University of Ottawa
    Health Canada)

  • Fay H. Johnston

    (University of Tasmania)

  • Geoffrey G. Morgan

    (The University of Sydney)

  • Luke D. Knibbs

    (The University of Sydney
    Sydney Local Health District Camperdown)

  • Ying Zhang

    (The University of Sydney)

  • Guy Marks

    (University of New South Wales)

  • Jane Heyworth

    (University of Western Australia)

  • Julie Arblaster

    (Monash University)

  • Yue Leon Guo

    (National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital)

  • Lidia Morawska

    (Queensland University of Technology)

  • Micheline S. Z. S. Coelho

    (University of São Paulo)

  • Paulo H. N. Saldiva

    (University of São Paulo)

  • Patricia Matus

    (Región Metropolitana)

  • Peng Bi

    (The University of Adelaide)

  • Simon Hales

    (University of Otago)

  • Wenbiao Hu

    (Queensland University of Technology)

  • Dung Phung

    (University of Queensland)

  • Yuming Guo

    (Monash University)

  • Shanshan Li

    (Monash University)

Abstract

Under a warming climate, wildfires are becoming more frequent and severe. Multicountry studies evaluating associations between wildfire fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and respiratory hospitalizations are lacking. Here we evaluate the short-term effects of wildfire-specific PM2.5 on respiratory hospitalizations from 1,052 communities across Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, New Zealand, Vietnam, Thailand and Taiwan, during 2000–2019. A 1 µg m−3 increase in wildfire-specific PM2.5 was associated with increased hospitalization risks for all-cause respiratory, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute upper respiratory infection, influenza and pneumonia by 0.36%, 0.48%, 0.38%, 0.42%, 0.79% and 0.36%, respectively. Higher risks were observed among populations ≤19 or ≥60 years old, from low-income or high non-wildfire PM2.5 communities, and residing in Brazil, Thailand, Taiwan and Vietnam. Australia and New Zealand exhibited a greater hospitalization risk for asthma associated with wildfire-specific PM2.5. Compared with non-wildfire PM2.5, wildfire-specific PM2.5 posed greater hospitalization risks for all respiratory diseases and a greater burden of asthma. Wildfire-specific PM2.5 contributed to 42.4% of PM2.5-linked respiratory hospitalizations, dominating in Thailand. Overall, the substantial contribution of wildfire-specific PM2.5 to respiratory hospitalizations demands continued mitigation and adaptation efforts across most countries. Intervention should be prioritized for influenza, children, adolescents, the elderly and populations in low-income or high-polluted communities.

Suggested Citation

  • Yiwen Zhang & Rongbin Xu & Wenzhong Huang & Tingting Ye & Pei Yu & Wenhua Yu & Yao Wu & Yanming Liu & Zhengyu Yang & Bo Wen & Ke Ju & Jiangning Song & Michael J. Abramson & Amanda Johnson & Anthony Ca, 2025. "Respiratory risks from wildfire-specific PM2.5 across multiple countries and territories," Nature Sustainability, Nature, vol. 8(5), pages 474-484, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:nat:natsus:v:8:y:2025:i:5:d:10.1038_s41893-025-01533-9
    DOI: 10.1038/s41893-025-01533-9
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