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Explorative Assessment of the Temperature–Mortality Association to Support Health-Based Heat-Warning Thresholds: A National Case-Crossover Study in Switzerland

Author

Listed:
  • Martina S. Ragettli

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (SwissTPH), 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
    University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Apolline Saucy

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (SwissTPH), 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
    University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
    Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), 08003 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Benjamin Flückiger

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (SwissTPH), 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
    University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Danielle Vienneau

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (SwissTPH), 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
    University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Kees de Hoogh

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (SwissTPH), 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
    University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Ana M. Vicedo-Cabrera

    (Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
    Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland)

  • Christian Schindler

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (SwissTPH), 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
    University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Martin Röösli

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (SwissTPH), 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
    University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland)

Abstract

Defining health-based thresholds for effective heat warnings is crucial for climate change adaptation strategies. Translating the non-linear function between heat and health effects into an effective threshold for heat warnings to protect the population is a challenge. We present a systematic analysis of heat indicators in relation to mortality. We applied distributed lag non-linear models in an individual-level case-crossover design to assess the effects of heat on mortality in Switzerland during the warm season from 2003 to 2016 for three temperature metrics (daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperature), and various threshold temperatures and heatwave definitions. Individual death records with information on residential address from the Swiss National Cohort were linked to high-resolution temperature estimates from 100 m resolution maps. Moderate (90th percentile) to extreme thresholds (99.5th percentile) of the three temperature metrics implied a significant increase in mortality (5 to 38%) in respect of the median warm-season temperature. Effects of the threshold temperatures on mortality were similar across the seven major regions in Switzerland. Heatwave duration did not modify the effect when considering delayed effects up to 7 days. This nationally representative study, accounting for small-scale exposure variability, suggests that the national heat-warning system should focus on heatwave intensity rather than duration. While a different heat-warning indicator may be appropriate in other countries, our evaluation framework is transferable to any country.

Suggested Citation

  • Martina S. Ragettli & Apolline Saucy & Benjamin Flückiger & Danielle Vienneau & Kees de Hoogh & Ana M. Vicedo-Cabrera & Christian Schindler & Martin Röösli, 2023. "Explorative Assessment of the Temperature–Mortality Association to Support Health-Based Heat-Warning Thresholds: A National Case-Crossover Study in Switzerland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-16, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:6:p:4958-:d:1094532
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mengmeng Li & Shaohua Gu & Peng Bi & Jun Yang & Qiyong Liu, 2015. "Heat Waves and Morbidity: Current Knowledge and Further Direction-A Comprehensive Literature Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-28, May.
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    4. Jae Young Lee & Martin Röösli & Martina S. Ragettli, 2021. "Estimation of Heat-Attributable Mortality Using the Cross-Validated Best Temperature Metric in Switzerland and South Korea," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-9, June.
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