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Large Sample Properties of Weighted Monte Carlo Estimators

Author

Listed:
  • Paul Glasserman

    (Graduate School of Business, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027)

  • Bin Yu

    (Graduate School of Business, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027)

Abstract

A general approach to improving simulation accuracy uses information about auxiliary control variables with known expected values to improve the estimation of unknown quantities. We analyze weighted Monte Carlo estimators that implement this idea by applying weights to independent replications. The weights are chosen to constrain the weighted averages of the control variables. We distinguish two cases (unbiased and biased), depending on whether the weighted averages of the controls are constrained to equal their expected values or some other values. In both cases, the number of constraints is usually smaller than the number of replications, so there may be many feasible weights. We select maximally uniform weights by minimizing a separable convex function of the weights subject to the control variable constraints. Estimators of this form arise (sometimes implicitly) in several settings, including at least two in finance: calibrating a model to market data (as in the work of Avellaneda et al. 2001) and calculating conditional expectations to price American options. We analyze properties of these estimators as the number of replications increases. We show that in the unbiased case, weighted Monte Carlo reduces asymptotic variance, and that all convex objective functions within a large class produce estimators that are very close to each other in a strong sense. In contrast, in the biased case the choice of objective function does matter. We show explicitly how the choice of objective determines the limit to which the estimator converges.

Suggested Citation

  • Paul Glasserman & Bin Yu, 2005. "Large Sample Properties of Weighted Monte Carlo Estimators," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 53(2), pages 298-312, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:inm:oropre:v:53:y:2005:i:2:p:298-312
    DOI: 10.1287/opre.1040.0148
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hansen, Lars Peter, 1982. "Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 50(4), pages 1029-1054, July.
    2. Marco Avellaneda, 1998. "Minimum-Relative-Entropy Calibration of Asset-Pricing Models," International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance (IJTAF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 1(04), pages 447-472.
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    5. Marco Avellaneda & Robert Buff & Craig Friedman & Nicolas Grandechamp & Lukasz Kruk & Joshua Newman, 2001. "Weighted Monte Carlo: A New Technique For Calibrating Asset-Pricing Models," International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance (IJTAF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 4(01), pages 91-119.
    6. Marco Avellaneda & Robert Buff & Craig Friedman & Nicolas Grandechamp & Lukasz Kruk & Joshua Newman, 2001. "Weighted Monte Carlo: A New Technique For Calibrating Asset-Pricing Models," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Marco Avellaneda (ed.), Quantitative Analysis In Financial Markets Collected Papers of the New York University Mathematical Finance Seminar(Volume II), chapter 9, pages 239-265, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
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    Cited by:

    1. Santanu Dey & Sandeep Juneja, 2012. "Incorporating fat tails in financial models using entropic divergence measures," Papers 1203.0643, arXiv.org.
    2. Aleksandrina Goeva & Henry Lam & Huajie Qian & Bo Zhang, 2019. "Optimization-Based Calibration of Simulation Input Models," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 67(5), pages 1362-1382, September.
    3. Cerrato, Mario, 2008. "Valuing American Derivatives by Least Squares Methods," SIRE Discussion Papers 2008-44, Scottish Institute for Research in Economics (SIRE).
    4. Santanu Dey & Sandeep Juneja & Karthyek R. A. Murthy, 2014. "Incorporating Views on Marginal Distributions in the Calibration of Risk Models," Papers 1411.0570, arXiv.org.
    5. Rama Cont, 2023. "In memoriam: Marco Avellaneda (1955–2022)," Mathematical Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(1), pages 3-15, January.

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