Research on Synergistic Mechanism of Upstream Subjects of Agro-Ecological Product Supply Chain—Based on the Perspective of Three Systems Evolutionary Game

The synergistic dilemma of upstream actors in the agro-ecological product supply chain restricts the transformation of ecological value, and traditional research focuses on the “production-supply” dichotomy, neglecting the driving role of the innovation service system. This study innovatively proposes a theoretical framework of “industry-supply-innovation tri-system synergy”, constructs a dynamic evolutionary game model with “free-riding” behavior, quantifies the effects of synergistic cost sharing coefficients (θ), benefit distribution ratios (γ), and policy regulation variables on the evolution of the main body’s strategy, and reveals the key laws through Matlab simulation. The results show that: (1) the participation of an innovation service system can significantly improve the speed of cooperation convergence; (2) the initial willingness to cooperate and the fairness of benefit distribution dominate the evolution path, and the probability of the system converging to “active cooperation” increases significantly when θ > 0.5; (3) the policy needs to be complemented with the market, and the government optimizes the distribution of the benefits of innovation services to improve the efficiency of the supply chain. The government can optimize the distribution of benefits from innovation services to promote the efficiency of the supply chain. Accordingly, we propose a “market-policy” dual-wheel control strategy to promote the deep integration of multiple supply chain actors with the innovation service system as a link.