A Holistic One Health Assessment Framework for Coastal Areas

Coastal ecosystems face intertwined challenges from environmental degradation, zoonotic spillover, and socio-economic pressures, which demand integrated assessment approaches. This paper proposes a tailored conceptual and methodological framework for evaluating One Health (OH) in coastal environments. The proposed framework extends the Drivers–Pressures–State–Impact–Response model by embedding human health, animal health, and environmental ecosystem quality into a unified structure. Within this approach, three composite indicators are introduced—the Human Health and Socio-economic Well-being Index, the Animal Health Risk Index, and the Environmental Ecosystem Quality Index. Based on an extensive literature review, we propose the variables and indicators that will theoretically underpin the construction of these indicators. While their empirical development and application will follow in a subsequent stage, the present work establishes their conceptual foundation and provides the full set of indicators to be integrated. In doing so, the framework lays the groundwork for future operationalization of OH assessments in coastal areas, supporting vulnerability evaluation, sustainable governance, and alignment with European directives and the UN SDGs.