IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v17y2025i18p8506-d1755198.html

Analysis of the Summer Sea Breeze Cooling Capacity on Coastal Cities Based on Computer Fluid Dynamics

Author

Listed:
  • Shiyi Peng

    (School of Architectural Engineering, Tongling University, Tongling 244061, China)

  • Hironori Watanabe

    (Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Sendai 982-8577, Miyagi, Japan)

Abstract

Summer sea breezes provide cooling in coastal cities; however, their temporal cooling distribution and inland penetration distance remain inadequately studied. This study employed the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to analyze the sea breeze cooling capacity (SBCC) in detail. The results identified the distance from the coast, cooling timing, and proximity to inland rivers as key factors influencing the SBCC. The cooling range and intensity of sea breezes exhibited a temporal pattern, initially increasing and then decreasing, with the rate of increase significantly exceeding the decline. The maximum cooling range (277.44 km 2 ) and strongest cooling intensity (37,989.61 °C.h) occurred at 10:00. Between 11:00 and 14:00, the cooling effect remained stable over its longest inland distance (16.2 km). The SBCC intensified notably closer to the coastline. Furthermore, inland rivers significantly enhanced the cooling effect, with the sea breeze penetration distance correlating positively with the proximity to these rivers. A detailed analysis of the SBCC’s spatial extent and cooling distance provides a crucial basis for effectively mitigating urban heat in coastal cities.

Suggested Citation

  • Shiyi Peng & Hironori Watanabe, 2025. "Analysis of the Summer Sea Breeze Cooling Capacity on Coastal Cities Based on Computer Fluid Dynamics," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-23, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:18:p:8506-:d:1755198
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/18/8506/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/18/8506/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Li, Xian-Xiang, 2018. "Linking residential electricity consumption and outdoor climate in a tropical city," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 734-743.
    2. David M. Lapola & Diego R. Braga & Gabriela M. Di Giulio & Roger R. Torres & Maria P. Vasconcellos, 2019. "Heat stress vulnerability and risk at the (super) local scale in six Brazilian capitals," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 154(3), pages 477-492, June.
    3. Maria Papathoma-Koehle & Catrin Promper & Roxana Bojariu & Roxana Cica & András Sik & Kinga Perge & Peter László & Erika Balázs Czikora & Alexandru Dumitrescu & Cosmin Turcus & Marius-Victor Birsan & , 2016. "A common methodology for risk assessment and mapping for south-east Europe: an application for heat wave risk in Romania," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 82(1), pages 89-109, May.
    4. Shiyi Peng & Yusuke Kon & Hironori Watanabe, 2022. "Effects of Sea Breeze on Urban Areas Using Computation Fluid Dynamic—A Case Study of the Range of Cooling and Humidity Effects in Sendai, Japan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-19, January.
    5. Karen Smoyer-Tomic & Robyn Kuhn & Alana Hudson, 2003. "Heat Wave Hazards: An Overview of Heat Wave Impacts in Canada," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 28(2), pages 465-486, March.
    6. Castorrini, Alessio & Gentile, Sabrina & Geraldi, Edoardo & Bonfiglioli, Aldo, 2023. "Investigations on offshore wind turbine inflow modelling using numerical weather prediction coupled with local-scale computational fluid dynamics," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Denis Maragno & Michele Dalla Fontana & Francesco Musco, 2020. "Mapping Heat Stress Vulnerability and Risk Assessment at the Neighborhood Scale to Drive Urban Adaptation Planning," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-16, February.
    2. Tai, Sheng-Lun & Gaudet, Brian & Feng, Sha & Krishnamurthy, Raghavendra & Berg, Larry K. & Fast, Jerome D., 2025. "Characterizing model uncertainties in simulated coast-to-offshore wind over the northeast U.S. using multi-platform measurements from the TCAP field campaign," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C).
    3. Heo, SungKu & Byun, Jaewon & Ifaei, Pouya & Ko, Jaerak & Ha, Byeongmin & Hwangbo, Soonho & Yoo, ChangKyoo, 2024. "Towards mega-scale decarbonized industrial park (Mega-DIP): Generative AI-driven techno-economic and environmental assessment of renewable and sustainable energy utilization in petrochemical industry," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PA).
    4. Larsson, Karl, 2023. "Parametric heat wave insurance," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 31(C).
    5. Shi, Luyang & Luo, Zhiwen & Matthews, Wendy & Wang, Zixuan & Li, Yuguo & Liu, Jing, 2019. "Impacts of urban microclimate on summertime sensible and latent energy demand for cooling in residential buildings of Hong Kong," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    6. Guo, Kun & Liu, Yu & Cao, Shanwei & Zhai, Xiangyang & Ji, Qiang, 2025. "Can climate factors improve the forecasting of electricity price volatility? Evidence from Australia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 315(C).
    7. Daryanto, Stefani & Wang, Lixin & Jacinthe, Pierre-André, 2017. "Global synthesis of drought effects on cereal, legume, tuber and root crops production: A review," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 18-33.
    8. Maria Papathoma-Koehle & Catrin Promper & Roxana Bojariu & Roxana Cica & András Sik & Kinga Perge & Peter László & Erika Balázs Czikora & Alexandru Dumitrescu & Cosmin Turcus & Marius-Victor Birsan & , 2016. "A common methodology for risk assessment and mapping for south-east Europe: an application for heat wave risk in Romania," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 82(1), pages 89-109, May.
    9. Dana Habeeb & Jason Vargo & Brian Stone, 2015. "Rising heat wave trends in large US cities," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 76(3), pages 1651-1665, April.
    10. Tassadit Kourat & Dalila Smadhi & Brahim Mouhouche & Nerdjes Gourari & M. G. Mostofa Amin & Christopher Robin Bryant, 2021. "Assessment of future climate change impact on rainfed wheat yield in the semi-arid Eastern High Plain of Algeria using a crop model," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 107(3), pages 2175-2203, July.
    11. Yuanzheng Li & Wenjing Wang & Yating Wang & Yashu Xin & Tian He & Guosong Zhao, 2020. "A Review of Studies Involving the Effects of Climate Change on the Energy Consumption for Building Heating and Cooling," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-18, December.
    12. Massagony, Alfian & Pandit, Ram & White, Benedict, 2026. "Socioeconomic and climatic factors affecting household electricity consumption in Indonesia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 344(C).
    13. Lanlan Li & Xinpei Song & Jingjing Li & Ke Li & Jianling Jiao, 2023. "The impacts of temperature on residential electricity consumption in Anhui, China: does the electricity price matter?," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 176(3), pages 1-26, March.
    14. Hung Chak Ho & Anders Knudby & Wei Huang, 2015. "A Spatial Framework to Map Heat Health Risks at Multiple Scales," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-14, December.
    15. W. Lee, 2014. "Historical global analysis of occurrences and human casualty of extreme temperature events (ETEs)," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 70(2), pages 1453-1505, January.
    16. Zhang, Yuejuan & Li, Xian-Xiang & Xin, Rui & Chew, Lup Wai & Liu, Chun-Ho, 2024. "Applicability of data-driven methods in modeling electricity demand-climate nexus: A tale of Singapore and Hong Kong," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    17. Meen Wook Jung & Mônica A Haddad & Brian K Gelder, 2024. "Examining heat inequity in a Brazilian metropolitan region," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 51(1), pages 109-127, January.
    18. Eshraghi, Hadi & Rodrigo de Queiroz, Anderson & Sankarasubramanian, A. & DeCarolis, Joseph F., 2021. "Quantification of climate-induced interannual variability in residential U.S. electricity demand," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    19. Dinsing, Philipp & Kilic, Onur A. & Veldman, Jasper & Hicks, Christian, 2025. "The impact of seasonality on offshore wind farm decommissioning projects - A case study in the North Sea," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    20. Zhong, Mingwei & Fan, Jingmin & Luo, Jianqiang & Xiao, Xuanyi & He, Guanglin & Cai, Rui, 2024. "InfoCAVB-MemoryFormer: Forecasting of wind and photovoltaic power through the interaction of data reconstruction and data augmentation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 371(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:18:p:8506-:d:1755198. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager The email address of this maintainer does not seem to be valid anymore. Please ask MDPI Indexing Manager to update the entry or send us the correct address (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.