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Advances in Nitrogen-Rich Wastewater Treatment: A Comprehensive Review of Modern Technologies

Author

Listed:
  • Abdullah Omar

    (Chemical Engineering Department, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar)

  • Fares Almomani

    (Chemical Engineering Department, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar)

  • Hazim Qiblawey

    (Chemical Engineering Department, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar)

  • Kashif Rasool

    (Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar)

Abstract

Nitrogen-rich wastewater is a major environmental issue that requires proper treatment before disposal. This comprehensive overview covers biological, physical, and chemical nitrogen removal methods. Simultaneous nitrification–denitrification (SND) is most effective in saline water when utilizing both aerobic and anoxic conditions with diverse microbial populations for nitrogen removal. Coupling anammox with denitrification could increase removal rates and reduce energy demand. Suspended growth bioreactors effectively treated diverse COD/N ratios and demonstrated resilience to low C/N ratios. Moving biofilm bioreactors exhibit reduced mortality rates, enhanced sludge–liquid separation, increased treatment efficiency, and stronger biological structures. SND studies show ≥90% total nitrogen removal efficiency (%RE TN ) in diverse setups, with Defluviicoccus, Nitrosomonas, and Nitrospira as the main microbial communities, while anammox–denitrification achieved a %RE TN of 77%. Systems using polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate as a growth medium showed a %RE TN ≥ 75%. Air-lift reflux configurations exhibited high %RE TN and %RE NH4 , reducing costs and minimizing sludge formation. Microwave pretreatment and high-frequency electric fields could be used to improve the %RE NH4 . Adsorption/ion exchange, membrane distillation, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration exhibit promise in industrial wastewater treatment. AOPs and sulfate-based oxidants effectively eliminate nitrogen compounds from industrial wastewater. Tailoring proposed treatments for cost-effective nitrogen removal, optimizing microbial interactions, and analyzing the techno-economics of emerging technologies are crucial.

Suggested Citation

  • Abdullah Omar & Fares Almomani & Hazim Qiblawey & Kashif Rasool, 2024. "Advances in Nitrogen-Rich Wastewater Treatment: A Comprehensive Review of Modern Technologies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-37, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:5:p:2112-:d:1350628
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Giovanna Salbitani & Simona Carfagna, 2021. "Ammonium Utilization in Microalgae: A Sustainable Method for Wastewater Treatment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-17, January.
    2. Beckinghausen, Aubrey & Odlare, Monica & Thorin, Eva & Schwede, Sebastian, 2020. "From removal to recovery: An evaluation of nitrogen recovery techniques from wastewater," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(C).
    3. Kataki, Sampriti & West, Helen & Clarke, Michèle & Baruah, D.C., 2016. "Phosphorus recovery as struvite: Recent concerns for use of seed, alternative Mg source, nitrogen conservation and fertilizer potential," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 142-156.
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