IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v16y2024i23p10765-d1539369.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of CO 2 Emissions from Vehicles in Urban Areas: A Satellite Imagery Approach

Author

Listed:
  • Nur Fatma Fadilah Yaacob

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Muhamad Razuhanafi Mat Yazid

    (Sustainable Urban Transport Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud

    (Sustainable Urban Transport Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Shabir Hussain Khahro

    (College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia)

  • Yasir Javed

    (College of Computers and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions are a significant global environmental concern, widely notable as a major cause of climate change. Meanwhile, transportation is the main sector contributing to CO 2 emissions, which are escalating at a faster rate than Gross Domestic Product Growth. This study attempted to evaluate the spatial–temporal pattern of CO 2 emissions from vehicles using the Sentinel 5P satellite image. The Sentinel 5P image was acquired from the European Space Agency from 2019 until 2022. Utilizing ArcGIS 10.5, these data were analyzed to extract the CO 2 values, which were then displayed as the total column amount. Thereafter, the extraction by point method was conducted on road features based on the Mukim Kajang basemap to obtain the value of CO 2 emissions from transportation. Spatial–temporal mapping was then accomplished through kernel density analysis, enabling the identification of CO 2 emission hotspot areas. The findings show that the spatial–temporal pattern of CO 2 emissions was higher in September 2019 (0.06964 mol/m 2 ), March 2020 (0.03596 mol/m 2 ), December 2021 (0.0437 mol/m 2 ), and January (0.03384 mol/m 2 ), respectively. Based on eight cities in Mukim Kajang, Bandar Kajang has been a hotspot area for carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles for four consecutive years, starting in 2019 until 2022. In summary, the results of this study could provide guidelines to researchers and policymakers to develop effective strategies to reduce the level of CO 2 emissions from transportation in urban areas.

Suggested Citation

  • Nur Fatma Fadilah Yaacob & Muhamad Razuhanafi Mat Yazid & Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud & Shabir Hussain Khahro & Yasir Javed, 2024. "Spatio-Temporal Analysis of CO 2 Emissions from Vehicles in Urban Areas: A Satellite Imagery Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-20, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:23:p:10765-:d:1539369
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/23/10765/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/23/10765/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Shabir Hussain Khahro & Danish Kumar & Fida Hussain Siddiqui & Tauha Hussain Ali & Muhammad Saleem Raza & Ali Raza Khoso, 2021. "Optimizing Energy Use, Cost and Carbon Emission through Building Information Modelling and a Sustainability Approach: A Case-Study of a Hospital Building," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-18, March.
    2. Corinne Le Quéré & Robert B. Jackson & Matthew W. Jones & Adam J. P. Smith & Sam Abernethy & Robbie M. Andrew & Anthony J. De-Gol & David R. Willis & Yuli Shan & Josep G. Canadell & Pierre Friedlingst, 2020. "Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 10(7), pages 647-653, July.
    3. Wenjie Chen & Xiaogang Wu & Zhu Xiao, 2023. "Impact of Built Environment on Carbon Emissions from Cross-District Mobility: A Social Network Analysis Based on Private Vehicle Trajectory Big Data," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-20, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Charfeddine, Lanouar & Umlai, Mohamed, 2023. "ICT sector, digitization and environmental sustainability: A systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2022," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    2. Björn Mestdagh & Olivier Sempiga & Luc Van Liedekerke, 2023. "The Impact of External Shocks on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Linking the COVID-19 Pandemic to SDG Implementation at the Local Government Level," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-18, April.
    3. Agliardi, Elettra & Xepapadeas, Anastasios, 2022. "Temperature targets, deep uncertainty and extreme events in the design of optimal climate policy," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    4. Xiao Yan & Aijun Shi & Jingyuan Cao & Tingting Li & Xuesong Sun & Rui Zhang & Xionghui Qiu & Yanxue Li & Miao Liang & Miao Lv & Chunlan Liu & Jing Wei, 2021. "The Occurrence of Heavy Air Pollution during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Beijing, China: Roles of Emission Reduction, Meteorological Conditions, and Regional Transport," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-12, November.
    5. Francesco Sica & Francesco Tajani & Maria Rosaria Guarini & Rossana Ranieri, 2023. "A Sensitivity Index to Perform the Territorial Sustainability in Uncertain Decision-Making Conditions," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-21, February.
    6. Shahryar Rashidi & Seyed Shariatipour & Mohammadreza Bagheri, 2025. "CO2 Storage Site Selection: A Comprehensive Review of Current Approaches," Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 15(4), pages 487-510, August.
    7. Weihua Lei & Luiz G. A. Alves & Luís A. Nunes Amaral, 2022. "Forecasting the evolution of fast-changing transportation networks using machine learning," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, December.
    8. Ebrahim Navid Sadjadi, 2025. "The recovery plans at the time of COVID-19 foster the journey toward smart city development and sustainability: a narrative review," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 27(5), pages 9743-9771, May.
    9. Jennifer L. Castle & Jurgen A. Doornik & David F. Hendry, 2021. "Forecasting Facing Economic Shifts, Climate Change and Evolving Pandemics," Econometrics, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-21, December.
    10. Shen,Chang & Alberini,Anna & Timilsina,Govinda R., 2022. "The Impact of COVID-19 on Electricity Generation : An Empirical Investigation," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10116, The World Bank.
    11. Shen, Meng & Li, Xiang & Lu, Yujie & Cui, Qingbin & Wei, Yi-Ming, 2021. "Personality-based normative feedback intervention for energy conservation," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    12. Daniel T. L. Shek, 2021. "COVID-19 and Quality of Life: Twelve Reflections," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 16(1), pages 1-11, February.
    13. Lyu, Chen & Liu, Xiaoman & Wang, Zhen & Yang, Lu & Liu, Hao & Yang, Nan & Xu, Shaodong & Cao, Libin & Zhang, Zhe & Pang, Lingyun & Zhang, Li & Cai, Bofeng, 2023. "An emissions inventory using flight information reveals the long-term changes of aviation CO2 emissions in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PB).
    14. Julien Chevallier, 2020. "COVID-19 Outbreak and CO 2 Emissions: Macro-Financial Linkages," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-18, December.
    15. Rashieda Davids & Pauline Scheelbeek & Nafiisa Sobratee & Rosemary Green & Barbara Häesler & Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi & Suparna Chatterjee & Nikhil Srinivasapura Venkateshmurthy & Georgina Mace & Alan , 2021. "Towards the Three Dimensions of Sustainability for International Research Team Collaboration: Learnings from the Sustainable and Healthy Food Systems Research Programme," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-24, November.
    16. Antimiani, Alessandro & Costantini, Valeria & Paglialunga, Elena, 2023. "Fossil fuels subsidy removal and the EU carbon neutrality policy," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    17. Cassetti, Gabriele & Boitier, Baptiste & Elia, Alessia & Le Mouël, Pierre & Gargiulo, Maurizio & Zagamé, Paul & Nikas, Alexandros & Koasidis, Konstantinos & Doukas, Haris & Chiodi, Alessandro, 2023. "The interplay among COVID-19 economic recovery, behavioural changes, and the European Green Deal: An energy-economic modelling perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PC).
    18. Skea, Jim & van Diemen, Renée & Portugal-Pereira, Joana & Khourdajie, Alaa Al, 2021. "Outlooks, explorations and normative scenarios: Approaches to global energy futures compared," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    19. Jim Hart & Francesco Pomponi, 2021. "A Circular Economy: Where Will It Take Us?," Circular Economy and Sustainability, Springer, vol. 1(1), pages 127-141, June.
    20. Ștefan Cristian Gherghina & Liliana Nicoleta Simionescu, 2024. "The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Sustainable Development Goals," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-5, June.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:23:p:10765-:d:1539369. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.