IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v16y2024i23p10169-d1525978.html

Windy Sites Prioritization in the Saudi Waters of the Southern Red Sea

Author

Listed:
  • Shafiqur Rehman

    (Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia)

  • Kashif Irshad

    (Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mohamed A. Mohandes

    (Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
    Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia)

  • Ali A. AL-Shaikhi

    (Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
    Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia)

  • Azher Hussain Syed

    (Applied Research Center for Metrology, Standards, and Testing (ARC-MST), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mohamed E. Zayed

    (Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mohammad Azad Alam

    (Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia)

  • Saïf ed-Dîn Fertahi

    (Thermodynamics and Energy Research Team, Energy Research Center, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco)

  • Muhammad Kamran Raza

    (Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

Offshore wind power resources in the Red Sea waters of Saudi Arabia are yet to be explored. The objective of the present study is to assess offshore wind power resources at 49 locations in the Saudi waters of the Red Sea and prioritize the sites based on wind characteristics. To accomplish the set objective, long-term hourly mean wind speed (WS) and wind direction (WD) at 100 m above mean sea level, temperature, and pressure data near the surface were used at sites L1-L49 over 43 years from 1979 to 2021. The long-term mean WS and wind power density (WPD) varied between 3.83 m/s and 66.6 W/m 2 , and 6.39 m/s and 280.9 W/m 2 corresponding to sites L44 and L8. However, higher magnitudes of WS >5 m/s were observed at 34 sites and WPD of > 200 W/m 2 at 21 sites. In general, WS, WPD, annual energy yield, mean windy site identifier, plant capacity factor, etc. were found to be increasing from east to west and from south to north. Similarly, the mean wind variability index and cost of energy were observed to be decreasing as one moves from east to west and south to north in the Saudi waters of the Red Sea.

Suggested Citation

  • Shafiqur Rehman & Kashif Irshad & Mohamed A. Mohandes & Ali A. AL-Shaikhi & Azher Hussain Syed & Mohamed E. Zayed & Mohammad Azad Alam & Saïf ed-Dîn Fertahi & Muhammad Kamran Raza, 2024. "Windy Sites Prioritization in the Saudi Waters of the Southern Red Sea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:23:p:10169-:d:1525978
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/23/10169/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/23/10169/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kamranzad, Bahareh & Etemad-Shahidi, Amir & Chegini, Vahid, 2017. "Developing an optimum hotspot identifier for wave energy extracting in the northern Persian Gulf," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PA), pages 59-71.
    2. Farrugia, R.N., 2003. "The wind shear exponent in a Mediterranean island climate," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 28(4), pages 647-653.
    3. Tolga Kara & Ahmet Duran Şahin, 2023. "Implications of Climate Change on Wind Energy Potential," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-26, October.
    4. Qiu, Dawei & Baig, Aimon Mirza & Wang, Yi & Wang, Lingling & Jiang, Chuanwen & Strbac, Goran, 2024. "Market design for ancillary service provisions of inertia and frequency response via virtual power plants: A non-convex bi-level optimisation approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 361(C).
    5. Giovanni Gualtieri, 2021. "Reliability of ERA5 Reanalysis Data for Wind Resource Assessment: A Comparison against Tall Towers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-21, July.
    6. Sharp, Ed & Dodds, Paul & Barrett, Mark & Spataru, Catalina, 2015. "Evaluating the accuracy of CFSR reanalysis hourly wind speed forecasts for the UK, using in situ measurements and geographical information," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 527-538.
    7. Ramirez Camargo, Luis & Gruber, Katharina & Nitsch, Felix, 2019. "Assessing variables of regional reanalysis data sets relevant for modelling small-scale renewable energy systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 1468-1478.
    8. Shafiqur Rehman & Kashif Irshad & Nasiru I. Ibrahim & Ali AlShaikhi & Mohamed A. Mohandes, 2023. "Offshore Wind Power Resource Assessment in the Gulf of North Suez," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-22, October.
    9. Cannon, D.J. & Brayshaw, D.J. & Methven, J. & Coker, P.J. & Lenaghan, D., 2015. "Using reanalysis data to quantify extreme wind power generation statistics: A 33 year case study in Great Britain," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 767-778.
    10. Yi Zhang & Dapeng Zhang & Haoyu Jiang, 2023. "A Review of Offshore Wind and Wave Installations in Some Areas with an Eye towards Generating Economic Benefits and Offering Commercial Inspiration," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-32, May.
    11. Nezhad, M. Majidi & Neshat, M. & Groppi, D. & Marzialetti, P. & Heydari, A. & Sylaios, G. & Garcia, D. Astiaso, 2021. "A primary offshore wind farm site assessment using reanalysis data: a case study for Samothraki island," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 667-679.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Shafiqur Rehman & Kashif Irshad & Nasiru I. Ibrahim & Ali AlShaikhi & Mohamed A. Mohandes, 2023. "Offshore Wind Power Resource Assessment in the Gulf of North Suez," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-22, October.
    2. Gualtieri, G., 2022. "Analysing the uncertainties of reanalysis data used for wind resource assessment: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    3. Ramirez Camargo, Luis & Gruber, Katharina & Nitsch, Felix, 2019. "Assessing variables of regional reanalysis data sets relevant for modelling small-scale renewable energy systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 1468-1478.
    4. Coker, Phil J. & Bloomfield, Hannah C. & Drew, Daniel R. & Brayshaw, David J., 2020. "Interannual weather variability and the challenges for Great Britain’s electricity market design," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 509-522.
    5. Rabbani, R. & Zeeshan, M., 2020. "Exploring the suitability of MERRA-2 reanalysis data for wind energy estimation, analysis of wind characteristics and energy potential assessment for selected sites in Pakistan," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 1240-1251.
    6. Hdidouan, Daniel & Staffell, Iain, 2017. "The impact of climate change on the levelised cost of wind energy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 575-592.
    7. Bianchi, Emilio & Solarte, Andrés & Guozden, Tomás Manuel, 2017. "Large scale climate drivers for wind resource in Southern South America," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PB), pages 708-715.
    8. de Aquino Ferreira, Saulo Custodio & Cyrino Oliveira, Fernando Luiz & Maçaira, Paula Medina, 2022. "Validation of the representativeness of wind speed time series obtained from reanalysis data for Brazilian territory," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    9. Rose, Stephen & Apt, Jay, 2016. "Quantifying sources of uncertainty in reanalysis derived wind speed," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 157-165.
    10. P Patel, Ravi & Nagababu, Garlapati & Kachhwaha, Surendra Singh & V V Arun Kumar, Surisetty & M, Seemanth, 2022. "Combined wind and wave resource assessment and energy extraction along the Indian coast," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 931-945.
    11. Staffell, Iain & Pfenninger, Stefan, 2016. "Using bias-corrected reanalysis to simulate current and future wind power output," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1224-1239.
    12. Gruber, Katharina & Regner, Peter & Wehrle, Sebastian & Zeyringer, Marianne & Schmidt, Johannes, 2022. "Towards global validation of wind power simulations: A multi-country assessment of wind power simulation from MERRA-2 and ERA-5 reanalyses bias-corrected with the global wind atlas," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PA).
    13. Zhang, Hengxu & Cao, Yongji & Zhang, Yi & Terzija, Vladimir, 2018. "Quantitative synergy assessment of regional wind-solar energy resources based on MERRA reanalysis data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C), pages 172-182.
    14. Cradden, Lucy C. & McDermott, Frank & Zubiate, Laura & Sweeney, Conor & O'Malley, Mark, 2017. "A 34-year simulation of wind generation potential for Ireland and the impact of large-scale atmospheric pressure patterns," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 165-176.
    15. Russell McKenna & Stefan Pfenninger & Heidi Heinrichs & Johannes Schmidt & Iain Staffell & Katharina Gruber & Andrea N. Hahmann & Malte Jansen & Michael Klingler & Natascha Landwehr & Xiaoli Guo Lars', 2021. "Reviewing methods and assumptions for high-resolution large-scale onshore wind energy potential assessments," Papers 2103.09781, arXiv.org.
    16. José Vargas-Brochero & Sebastián Hurtado-Castillo & Jesús Altamiranda & Frederico Carlos M. de Menezes Filho & Alexandre Beluco & Fausto A. Canales, 2024. "Optimizing Renewable Energy Systems for Water Security: A Comparative Study of Reanalysis Models," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-21, June.
    17. McKenna, Russell & Pfenninger, Stefan & Heinrichs, Heidi & Schmidt, Johannes & Staffell, Iain & Bauer, Christian & Gruber, Katharina & Hahmann, Andrea N. & Jansen, Malte & Klingler, Michael & Landwehr, 2022. "High-resolution large-scale onshore wind energy assessments: A review of potential definitions, methodologies and future research needs," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 659-684.
    18. Benmoufok, Ellyess F. & Warder, Simon C. & Zhu, Elizabeth & Bhaskaran, B. & Staffell, Iain & Piggott, Matthew D., 2024. "Improving wind power modelling through granular spatial and temporal bias correction of reanalysis data," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    19. Kabir, Md Ruhul & Rooke, Braden & Dassanayake, G.D. Malinga & Fleck, Brian A., 2012. "Comparative life cycle energy, emission, and economic analysis of 100 kW nameplate wind power generation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 133-141.
    20. Alain Ulazia & Ander Nafarrate & Gabriel Ibarra-Berastegi & Jon Sáenz & Sheila Carreno-Madinabeitia, 2019. "The Consequences of Air Density Variations over Northeastern Scotland for Offshore Wind Energy Potential," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-18, July.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:23:p:10169-:d:1525978. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.