Prediction of Water Level in Lakes by RNN-Based Deep Learning Algorithms to Preserve Sustainability in Changing Climate and Relationship to Microcystin

In recent years, intensive water use combined with global climate change has increased fluctuations in freshwater lake levels, hydrological characteristics, water quality, and water ecosystem balance. To provide a sustainable management plan in the long term, deep learning models (DL) can provide fast and reliable predictions of lake water levels (LWLs) in challenging future scenarios. In this study, artificial neural networks (ANNs) and four recurrent neural network (RNN) algorithms were investigated to predict LWLs that were applied in time series such as one day, five days, ten days, twenty days, one month, two months, and four months ahead. The results show that the performance of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model with a prediction of 60 days is in the very good range and outperforms the benchmark, the Naïve Method, by 78% and the ANN at the significance level ( p < 0.05) with an RMSE = 0.1762 compared to other DL algorithms. The RNN-based DL algorithms show better prediction performance, specifically, for long time horizons, 57.98% for 45 days, 78.55% for 60 days, and 58% for 120 days, and it is better to use a prediction period of at least 20 days with an 18.45% performance increase to take advantage of the gated RNN algorithms for predicting future water levels. Additionally, microcystin concentration was tightly correlated with temperature and was most elevated between 15 and 20 m water depths during the summer months. Evidence on LWL forecasting and microcystin concentrations in the context of climate change could help develop a sustainable water management plan and long-term policy for drinking water lakes.