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Valorization of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Cellulose Fibers: A Reinforcement Material in Polyvinyl Alcohol Biocomposites for Its Application as Detergent Capsules

Author

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  • Jia Ying Tan

    (Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

  • Wah Yen Tey

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
    Department of Mechanical Precision Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
    UCSI-Cheras Low Carbon Innovation Hub Research Consortium, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

  • Joongjai Panpranot

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand)

  • Steven Lim

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia)

  • Kiat Moon Lee

    (Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
    UCSI-Cheras Low Carbon Innovation Hub Research Consortium, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

Abstract

Cellulose fibers isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) have been studied as a potential reinforcement for polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) biocomposite. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that all three parameters—hydrolysis temperature, time and acid concentration, as well as their interactions—significantly affected the yield of cellulose. Moving Least Squares (MLS) and Multivariable Power Least Squares (MPLS) models demonstrated good fitness. The model also proved that acid concentration was the dominant parameter, supported by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Hydrolysis using 54% acid at 35 °C and 15 min achieved the highest cellulose yield of 80.72%. Cellulose-reinforced PVA biocomposite films demonstrated better mechanical strength, elongation at break, moisture barrier properties, thermal stability and poorer light transmission rate compared to neat PVA due to the high aspect ratio, crystallinity and good compatibility of cellulose fibers. These findings suggested the potential of cellulose fibers-reinforced PVA biocomposite film as water-soluble detergent capsules.

Suggested Citation

  • Jia Ying Tan & Wah Yen Tey & Joongjai Panpranot & Steven Lim & Kiat Moon Lee, 2022. "Valorization of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Cellulose Fibers: A Reinforcement Material in Polyvinyl Alcohol Biocomposites for Its Application as Detergent Capsules," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-20, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:18:p:11446-:d:913262
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xu, Feng & Yu, Jianming & Tesso, Tesfaye & Dowell, Floyd & Wang, Donghai, 2013. "Qualitative and quantitative analysis of lignocellulosic biomass using infrared techniques: A mini-review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 801-809.
    2. Siti Norasyiqin Abdul Latif & Meng Soon Chiong & Srithar Rajoo & Asako Takada & Yoon-Young Chun & Kiyotaka Tahara & Yasuyuki Ikegami, 2021. "The Trend and Status of Energy Resources and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Malaysia Power Generation Mix," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-26, April.
    3. Danny Wei Kit Chin & Steven Lim & Yean Ling Pang & Chun Hsion Lim & Siew Hoong Shuit & Kiat Moon Lee & Cheng Tung Chong, 2021. "Effects of Organic Solvents on the Organosolv Pretreatment of Degraded Empty Fruit Bunch for Fractionation and Lignin Removal," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-16, June.
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