IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v13y2021i8p4520-d538832.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Does GATS’ Influence on Private University Sector’s Growth Ensure ESD or Develop City ‘Sustainability Crisis’—Policy Framework to Respond COP21

Author

Listed:
  • Gazi Mahabubul Alam

    (Department of Foundation of Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia)

  • Samsilah Roslan

    (Department of Foundation of Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia)

  • Abul Quasem Al-Amin

    (Faculty of Environment, University of Waterloo, University Avenue, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Walter Leal Filho

    (Research and Transfer Centre “Sustainable Development and Climate Change Management”, Faculty of Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033 Hamburg, Germany)

Abstract

The conventions and ratifications made by the United Nations (UN) have a long history. They were well respected for their ability to unite the world’s countries on some issues. The paradigm transformation of UN ratifications to combine both business models and social justice has received both positive and negative responses. While adherents argue that such a transformation is fundamental to boost economic development, opponents assert that the ‘so-called paradigm transformation’ has benefited the West by victimising the East, which has essentially complicated the global ‘sustainability crisis’. This also hinders executing the ESD (education for sustainable development) concept, especially in developing countries. The concept of ‘sustainable development’ is now the main agenda item of UN conventions. COP21 (United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015, otherwise known as the 21st Conference of the Parties), is an example of the UN’s seriousness in addressing the ‘global sustainability crisis’. GATT and GATS are the international policies that are, respectively, the ‘causer’ and ‘developer’ of the private university sector in emerging market economies. Critics claim that this expanding sector generates an urban sustainability crisis. This study examined the effect of private universities’ expansion on urban sustainability, using a qualitative method for assessing primary and secondary data. The indices for night light intensity, heat and greenery served as the essential parameters to calculate the sustainability crisis. Results indicate that while the greenery index has fallen significantly, night light and heat indices have unexpectedly increased, which correlate with the development and expansion of the private university sector. To respond to COP21, a ‘carbon neutrality’ policy framework for the sector is suggested in an effort to control the sustainability crisis.

Suggested Citation

  • Gazi Mahabubul Alam & Samsilah Roslan & Abul Quasem Al-Amin & Walter Leal Filho, 2021. "Does GATS’ Influence on Private University Sector’s Growth Ensure ESD or Develop City ‘Sustainability Crisis’—Policy Framework to Respond COP21," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-21, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:8:p:4520-:d:538832
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/8/4520/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/8/4520/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Richard Clark & Lindsay R. Dolan, 2021. "Pleasing the Principal: U.S. Influence in World Bank Policymaking," American Journal of Political Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 65(1), pages 36-51, January.
    2. Denisa Szabo & Diana Blagu & Mihai Dragomir, 2021. "Policy analysis in Romania regarding the transition to an industry with low carbon emissions," Technium Social Sciences Journal, Technium Science, vol. 15(1), pages 19-23, January.
    3. Claudia Kemfert, 2021. "A Real Chance for the Transatlantic Partnership on Climate Policy," Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy, Springer;ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics;Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), vol. 56(1), pages 20-22, January.
    4. Hsu, David W.L. & Shen, Yung-Chi & Yuan, Benjamin J.C. & Chou, Chiyan James, 2015. "Toward successful commercialization of university technology: Performance drivers of university technology transfer in Taiwan," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 25-39.
    5. Alam, Gazi Mahabubul & Forhad, Abdur Rahman & Ismail, Ismi Arif, 2020. "Can education as an ‘International Commodity’ be the backbone or cane of a nation in the era of fourth industrial revolution? - A Comparative study," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    6. Paula Caballero, 2019. "The SDGs: Changing How Development is Understood," Global Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 10(S1), pages 138-140, January.
    7. Jan Bebbington & Jeffrey Unerman, 2018. "Achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals," Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 31(1), pages 2-24, January.
    8. Alam, Gazi Mahabubul & Al-Amin, Abul Quasem & Forhad, Abdur Rahman & Mubarak, Muhammad Shujaat, 2020. "Does the private university sector exploit sustainable residential life in the name of supporting the fourth industrial revolution?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    9. Bi, Jun & Zhang, Rongrong & Wang, Haikun & Liu, Miaomiao & Wu, Yi, 2011. "The benchmarks of carbon emissions and policy implications for China's cities: Case of Nanjing," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(9), pages 4785-4794, September.
    10. Muriel Cozier, 2015. "The UN COP21 Climate Change Conference and the role of CCS," Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 5(6), pages 697-700, December.
    11. T. R. Franks, 1996. "Managing Sustainable Development: Definitions, Paradigms, And Dimensions," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 4(2), pages 53-60.
    12. Matthias vom Hau & James Scott & David Hulme, 2012. "Beyond the BRICs: Alternative Strategies of Influence in the Global Politics of Development," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 24(2), pages 187-204, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Gazi Mahabubul Alam, 2022. "The Relationship between Figureheads and Managerial Leaders in the Private University Sector: A Decentralised, Competency-Based Leadership Model for Sustainable Higher Education," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-20, September.
    2. Siyu Chen & Ran Wang & Tingting Wang & Wenxian Zhou, 2022. "The Impact of Student-Teacher Policy Perception on Employment Intentions in Rural Schools for Educational Sustainable Development Based on Push–Pull Theory: An Empirical Study from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-16, May.
    3. Gazi Mahabubul Alam, 2023. "Has Secondary Science Education Become an Elite Product in Emerging Nations?—A Perspective of Sustainable Education in the Era of MDGs and SDGs," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-25, January.
    4. Hao Liu & Wenzhong Zhang, 2023. "“First Among Equals”: Unpacking Patterns of EFL Teachers’ Sustainable Feedback Strategies in Learner-Centered Language Learning Classrooms in the Chinese Context," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-20, January.
    5. Jian Li & Eryong Xue, 2022. "Pursuing Sustainable Higher Education Admission Policy Reform: Evidence from Stakeholders’ Perceptions in China’s Pilot Provinces," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-13, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Gazi Mahabubul Alam & Md. Abdur Rahman Forhad, 2023. "The Impact of Accessing Education via Smartphone Technology on Education Disparity—A Sustainable Education Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-14, July.
    2. Alam, Gazi Mahabubul & Al-Amin, Abul Quasem & Forhad, Abdur Rahman & Mubarak, Muhammad Shujaat, 2020. "Does the private university sector exploit sustainable residential life in the name of supporting the fourth industrial revolution?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    3. Gazi Mahabubul Alam, 2023. "Has Secondary Science Education Become an Elite Product in Emerging Nations?—A Perspective of Sustainable Education in the Era of MDGs and SDGs," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-25, January.
    4. Spada, Irene & Chiarello, Filippo & Barandoni, Simone & Ruggi, Gianluca & Martini, Antonella & Fantoni, Gualtiero, 2022. "Are universities ready to deliver digital skills and competences? A text mining-based case study of marketing courses in Italy," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    5. Jeong, Yujin & Park, Inchae & Yoon, Byungun, 2019. "Identifying emerging Research and Business Development (R&BD) areas based on topic modeling and visualization with intellectual property right data," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 655-672.
    6. Esteban Lafuente & Jasmina Berbegal-Mirabent, 2019. "Assessing the productivity of technology transfer offices: an analysis of the relevance of aspiration performance and portfolio complexity," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 44(3), pages 778-801, June.
    7. Battaglia, Daniele & Landoni, Paolo & Rizzitelli, Francesco, 2017. "Organizational structures for external growth of University Technology Transfer Offices: An explorative analysis," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 45-56.
    8. Benedict E. DeDominicis, 2021. "Multinational Enterprises And Economic Nationalism: A Strategic Analysis Of Culture," Global Journal of Business Research, The Institute for Business and Finance Research, vol. 15(1), pages 19-66.
    9. Chi-Yo Huang & Min-Jen Yang & Jeen-Fong Li & Hueiling Chen, 2021. "A DANP-Based NDEA-MOP Approach to Evaluating the Patent Commercialization Performance of Industry–Academic Collaborations," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(18), pages 1-26, September.
    10. Sara Trucco & Maria Chiara Demartini & Valentina Beretta, 2021. "The reporting of sustainable development goals: is the integrated approach the missing link?," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 1(2), pages 1-13, February.
    11. S. N. Nartey & H. M. van der Poll, 2021. "Innovative management accounting practices for sustainability of manufacturing small and medium enterprises," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(12), pages 18008-18039, December.
    12. Elena NECHITA, 2019. "Analysis of the Relationship between Accounting and Sustainable Development. The Role of Accounting and Accounting Profession on Sustainable Development," The Audit Financiar journal, Chamber of Financial Auditors of Romania, vol. 17(155), pages 520-520.
    13. Cristina Páez-Avilés & Esteve Juanola-Feliu & Islam Bogachan-Tahirbegi & Mónica Mir & Manel González-Piñero & Josep Samitier, 2015. "Innovation And Technology Transfer Of Medical Devices Fostered By Cross-Disciplinary Communities Of Practitioners," International Journal of Innovation Management (ijim), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 19(06), pages 1-27, December.
    14. David Tremblay & François Fortier & Jean‐François Boucher & Olivier Riffon & Claude Villeneuve, 2020. "Sustainable development goal interactions: An analysis based on the five pillars of the 2030 agenda," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(6), pages 1584-1596, November.
    15. Wonglimpiyarat, Jarunee, 2016. "Government policies towards Israel's high-tech powerhouse," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 52, pages 18-27.
    16. Francis Aboagye‐Otchere & Cletus Agyenim‐Boateng & Abdulai Enusah & Theodora Ekua Aryee, 2021. "A Review of Big Data Research in Accounting," Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(4), pages 268-283, October.
    17. Mehmet Çağlar & Cem Gürler, 2022. "Sustainable Development Goals: A cluster analysis of worldwide countries," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(6), pages 8593-8624, June.
    18. Kajikawa, Yuya & Mejia, Cristian & Wu, Mengjia & Zhang, Yi, 2022. "Academic landscape of Technological Forecasting and Social Change through citation network and topic analyses," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    19. Olivier E. Malay, 2021. "How to Articulate Beyond GDP and Businesses’ Social and Environmental Indicators?," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 155(1), pages 1-25, May.
    20. Dedi Kusmayadi & Irman Firmansyah, 2023. "Environmental Disclosure and Efficiency Performance of Energy Company: Case Study of Indonesia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(1), pages 374-381, January.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:8:p:4520-:d:538832. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.