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Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors—As Mitigation Tools for Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Sustainable Dairy Systems: A Review

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  • Maria P. Byrne

    (Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
    School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland)

  • John T. Tobin

    (Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland)

  • Patrick J. Forrestal

    (Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Y35 Y521 Co. Wexford, Ireland)

  • Martin Danaher

    (Food Safety Department, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, Ireland)

  • Chikere G. Nkwonta

    (Food Safety Department, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, Ireland)

  • Karl Richards

    (Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Y35 Y521 Co. Wexford, Ireland)

  • Enda Cummins

    (School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland)

  • Sean A. Hogan

    (Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland)

  • Tom F. O’Callaghan

    (Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
    School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Gaol Walk, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland)

Abstract

Currently, nitrogen fertilizers are utilized to meet 48% of the total global food demand. The demand for nitrogen fertilizers is expected to grow as global populations continue to rise. The use of nitrogen fertilizers is associated with many negative environmental impacts and is a key source of greenhouse and harmful gas emissions. In recent years, urease and nitrification inhibitors have emerged as mitigation tools that are presently utilized in agriculture to prevent nitrogen losses and reduce greenhouse and harmful gas emissions that are associated with the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers. Both classes of inhibitor work by different mechanisms and have different physiochemical properties. Consequently, each class must be evaluated on its own merits. Although there are many benefits associated with the use of these inhibitors, little is known about their potential to enter the food chain, an event that may pose challenges to food safety. This phenomenon was highlighted when the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide was found as a residual contaminant in milk products in 2013. This comprehensive review aims to discuss the uses of inhibitor technologies in agriculture and their possible impacts on dairy product safety and quality, highlighting areas of concern with regards to the introduction of these inhibitor technologies into the dairy supply chain. Furthermore, this review discusses the benefits and challenges of inhibitor usage with a focus on EU regulations, as well as associated health concerns, chemical behavior, and analytical detection methods for these compounds within milk and environmental matrices.

Suggested Citation

  • Maria P. Byrne & John T. Tobin & Patrick J. Forrestal & Martin Danaher & Chikere G. Nkwonta & Karl Richards & Enda Cummins & Sean A. Hogan & Tom F. O’Callaghan, 2020. "Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors—As Mitigation Tools for Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Sustainable Dairy Systems: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-34, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:15:p:6018-:d:390287
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hertel, Thomas W., 2010. "The Global Supply and Demand for Agricultural Land in 2050: A Perfect Storm in the Making?," 2010 Annual Meeting, July 25-27, 2010, Denver, Colorado 92639, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
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    1. Maria Skorupka & Artur Nosalewicz, 2021. "Ammonia Volatilization from Fertilizer Urea—A New Challenge for Agriculture and Industry in View of Growing Global Demand for Food and Energy Crops," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-15, August.
    2. Huibing Cheng & Shanshui Zheng, 2022. "Incentive Compensation Mechanism for the Infrastructure Construction of Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Station under Asymmetric Information," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-18, June.
    3. Ali Athamena & Aissam Gaagai & Hani Amir Aouissi & Juris Burlakovs & Selma Bencedira & Ivar Zekker & Andrey E. Krauklis, 2022. "Chemometrics of the Environment: Hydrochemical Characterization of Groundwater in Lioua Plain (North Africa) Using Time Series and Multivariate Statistical Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-28, December.
    4. Jordi Escuer-Gatius & Merrit Shanskiy & Ülo Mander & Karin Kauer & Alar Astover & Hanna Vahter & Kaido Soosaar, 2020. "Intensive Rain Hampers the Effectiveness of Nitrification Inhibition in Controlling N 2 O Emissions from Dairy Slurry-Fertilized Soils," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-18, October.

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