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The Improved Canopy Shading Model Based on the Apple Intercropping System (Case Study: Loess Plateau, China)

Author

Listed:
  • Jingjing Wang

    (College of Water and Soil Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Huaxing Bi

    (College of Water and Soil Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
    Ji County Station, Chinese National Ecosystem Research Network (CNERN), Beijing 100083, China
    Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing 102206, China
    Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Yubo Sun

    (College of Water and Soil Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Hangqi Duan

    (College of Water and Soil Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Ruidong Peng

    (College of Water and Soil Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China)

Abstract

The canopy shading model is widely used in agroforestry systems. However, the canopy shading model cannot be verified by the measured shading distribution of an apple tree due to the uneven ground and adjacent apple trees. This paper measures the spatial‒temporal distribution of the shading of apple trees based on the similarity principle of parallel solar light combined with 3D printing technology to improve the canopy shading model. The following results are drawn: (1) The current widely used canopy shading model does not consider the effect of the canopy penumbra, resulting in poor simulation accuracy in the shading distribution compared to the actual measurement; (2) The effect of canopy penumbra causes the deflection of sunlight. Hence, the paper presents the deflection equation of sunlight with statistically defined parameters derived using measured data of the shading distribution. The deflection equation of sunlight is added to the improved canopy shading model. The improved model can accurately simulate the shading distribution of an apple tree, and the simulation accuracy exceeds 94.12% when compared with the shading distribution of an apple tree; (3) The improved canopy shading model is applied to simulate the spatial‒temporal distribution of the shading of apple trees in a conventional arrangement (4 m × 5 m), and the simulation accuracy exceeds 89%. Thus, the improved canopy shading model can be applied to simulate the spatial‒temporal distribution of shading of apple trees.

Suggested Citation

  • Jingjing Wang & Huaxing Bi & Yubo Sun & Hangqi Duan & Ruidong Peng, 2018. "The Improved Canopy Shading Model Based on the Apple Intercropping System (Case Study: Loess Plateau, China)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-14, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:10:p:3486-:d:172728
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yubo Sun & Huaxing Bi & Huasen Xu & Hangqi Duan & Ruidong Peng & Jingjing Wang, 2018. "Below-Ground Interspecific Competition of Apple ( Malus pumila M.)–Soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) Intercropping Systems Based on Niche Overlap on the Loess Plateau of China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-14, August.
    2. Ramanna, Luveshan & Rawat, Ismail & Bux, Faizal, 2017. "Light enhancement strategies improve microalgal biomass productivity," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 765-773.
    3. Benjamin, Emmanuel O. & Ola, Oreoluwa & Buchenrieder, Gertrud, 2018. "Does an agroforestry scheme with payment for ecosystem services (PES) economically empower women in sub-Saharan Africa?," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 31(PA), pages 1-11.
    4. Santiago-Freijanes, J.J. & Pisanelli, A. & Rois-Díaz, M. & Aldrey-Vázquez, J.A. & Rigueiro-Rodríguez, A. & Pantera, A. & Vityi, A. & Lojka, B. & Ferreiro-Domínguez, N. & Mosquera-Losada, M.R., 2018. "Agroforestry development in Europe: Policy issues," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 144-156.
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