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Manifestation and Markings of HIV Stigma in Indonesia: A Scoping Review

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  • Ni Kadek Sudastri

    (Doctoral Program in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80232, Indonesia
    PUI PT Center for Public Health Innovation (CPHI), Udayana University, Denpasar 80232, Indonesia)

  • Luh Putu Lila Wulandari

    (The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
    Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia)

  • Pande Putu Januraga

    (PUI PT Center for Public Health Innovation (CPHI), Udayana University, Denpasar 80232, Indonesia
    Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80232, Indonesia)

Abstract

Stigma related to HIV hinders access to healthcare services and worsens the quality of life for people living with HIV (PLHIV). A comprehensive understanding of HIV stigma is crucial for designing effective stigma interventions. This scoping review offers an overview of the manifestations and markings of HIV stigma in Indonesia. Articles published in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and other sources were searched. Studies selected were published between 2019 and 2023, written in English, and focused on the manifestations or markings of HIV stigma in Indonesia. A thematic approach was applied to analyze the findings. From an initial pool of 4776 articles, 745 advanced to the title and abstract screening process, with 40 ultimately included in the review. The findings indicate that HIV stigma in Indonesia manifested as avoidance of contact with PLHIV, differential treatment of PLHIV, negative reactions toward PLHIV, and self-stigma. These stigmatizing behaviors were observed across various societal levels, including family members, the general public, colleagues in the workplaces, healthcare providers, and even PLHIV themselves. The findings further reveal the dual burden of stigma experienced by vulnerable populations such as children, adolescents, pregnant women, and key populations. Additionally, this review notes the presence of stigma marking directed at PLHIV, portraying them as dangerous, unclean, immoral, bad and irresponsible, and even sinners. In conclusion, in Indonesia, HIV stigma may take many different forms and occur in many different societal levels. This underscores the need for comprehensive, collective action and cross-sectoral interventions to effectively address these issues.

Suggested Citation

  • Ni Kadek Sudastri & Luh Putu Lila Wulandari & Pande Putu Januraga, 2025. "Manifestation and Markings of HIV Stigma in Indonesia: A Scoping Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 22(6), pages 1-26, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:22:y:2025:i:6:p:840-:d:1665544
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Nelsensius Klau Fauk & Karen Hawke & Lillian Mwanri & Paul Russell Ward, 2021. "Stigma and Discrimination towards People Living with HIV in the Context of Families, Communities, and Healthcare Settings: A Qualitative Study in Indonesia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-17, May.
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    4. Dionius B. Mahamboro & Nelsensius K. Fauk & Paul R. Ward & Maria S. Merry & Theodorus A. Siri & Lillian Mwanri, 2020. "HIV Stigma and Moral Judgement: Qualitative Exploration of the Experiences of HIV Stigma and Discrimination among Married Men Living with HIV in Yogyakarta," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-15, January.
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