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Stigma and Discrimination towards People Living with HIV in the Context of Families, Communities, and Healthcare Settings: A Qualitative Study in Indonesia

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  • Nelsensius Klau Fauk

    (College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
    Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change, Jl. R. W. Monginsidi II, No. 2, Kupang 85221, Indonesia)

  • Karen Hawke

    (Infectious Disease—Aboriginal Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia)

  • Lillian Mwanri

    (College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia)

  • Paul Russell Ward

    (College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia)

Abstract

HIV stigma and discrimination are a major challenge facing people living with HIV (PLHIV) globally. As part of a larger qualitative study with PLHIV in Yogyakarta and Belu, Indonesia, this paper describes the participants’ perceptions about drivers of HIV stigma and discrimination towards them within families, communities and healthcare settings, and highlights issues of HIV stigma as a social process. Participants were recruited using a snowball sampling technique. Data analysis was guided by the framework analysis for qualitative data, and conceptualization and discussion of the study findings were guided by the HIV stigma framework. The findings showed that participants experienced stigma and discrimination across settings, including in families and communities by family and community members, and in healthcare settings by healthcare professionals. The lack of knowledge about HIV, fear of contracting HIV, social and moral perceptions about HIV and PLHIV were perceived facilitators or drivers of stigma and discrimination towards PLHIV. HIV stigma and discrimination were also identified as a process linked to the whole groups of people within families or communities, which occurred within social context in Yogyakarta and Belu. The findings indicate the need for HIV education for family and community members, and healthcare providers to enhance their knowledge of HIV and improve acceptance of PLHIV within families, communities and healthcare settings.

Suggested Citation

  • Nelsensius Klau Fauk & Karen Hawke & Lillian Mwanri & Paul Russell Ward, 2021. "Stigma and Discrimination towards People Living with HIV in the Context of Families, Communities, and Healthcare Settings: A Qualitative Study in Indonesia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-17, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:10:p:5424-:d:557629
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Parker, Richard & Aggleton, Peter, 2003. "HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: a conceptual framework and implications for action," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 57(1), pages 13-24, July.
    3. Bach Xuan Tran & Hai Thanh Phan & Carl A. Latkin & Huong Lan Thi Nguyen & Chi Linh Hoang & Cyrus S.H. Ho & Roger C.M. Ho, 2019. "Understanding Global HIV Stigma and Discrimination: Are Contextual Factors Sufficiently Studied? (GAP RESEARCH )," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-19, May.
    4. Dionius B. Mahamboro & Nelsensius K. Fauk & Paul R. Ward & Maria S. Merry & Theodorus A. Siri & Lillian Mwanri, 2020. "HIV Stigma and Moral Judgement: Qualitative Exploration of the Experiences of HIV Stigma and Discrimination among Married Men Living with HIV in Yogyakarta," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-15, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Gede Benny Setia Wirawan & Brigitta Dhyah K. Wardhani & Putu Erma Pradnyani & Afriana Nurhalina & Nurjannah Sulaiman & Evi Sukmaningrum & Luh Putu Lila Wulandari & Pande Putu Januraga, 2022. "Behavioral Changes, Adaptation, and Supports among Indonesian Female Sex Workers Facing Dual Risk of COVID-19 and HIV in a Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-14, January.
    2. Nelsensius Klau Fauk & Lillian Mwanri & Karen Hawke & Leila Mohammadi & Paul Russell Ward, 2022. "Psychological and Social Impact of HIV on Women Living with HIV and Their Families in Low- and Middle-Income Asian Countries: A Systematic Search and Critical Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-25, May.
    3. Emmanuel F. Koku, 2024. "The Effect of Stigma and Social Networks on Role Expectations among African Immigrants Living with HIV," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(6), pages 1-16, June.
    4. Darawan Thapinta & Kriengkrai Srithanaviboonchai & Penpaktr Uthis & Sunisa Suktrakul & Rangsima Wiwatwongnawa & Arunrat Tangmunkongvorakul & Saranya Wannachaiyakul & Patumrat Sripan, 2022. "Association between Internalized Stigma and Depression among People Living with HIV in Thailand," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-9, April.
    5. Nelsensius Klau Fauk & Maria Silvia Merry & Lillian Mwanri & Karen Hawke & Paul Russell Ward, 2022. "Mental Health Challenges and the Associated Factors in Women Living with HIV Who Have Children Living with HIV in Indonesia: A Qualitative Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-12, June.
    6. Paul Russell Ward & Reni Puspitasari & Aasha Rose & Biniyam Sahiledengle Gebremariyam & Nelsensius Klau Fauk, 2025. "Understanding HIV-Related Mental Health Challenges and Contributing Factors Among Indonesian Adolescents Living with HIV," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 22(1), pages 1-17, January.
    7. Nelsensius Klau Fauk & Gregorius Abanit Asa & Caitlan McLean & Paul Russell Ward, 2023. "“I Was Very Shocked, I Wanted It to Be Over”: A Qualitative Exploration of Suicidal Ideation and Attempts among Women Living with HIV in Indonesia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(1), pages 1-14, December.
    8. Nelsensius Klau Fauk & Hailay Abrha Gesesew & Alfonsa Liquory Seran & Christopher Raymond & Roheena Tahir & Paul Russell Ward, 2022. "Barriers to Accessing HIV Care Services in Host Low and Middle Income Countries: Views and Experiences of Indonesian Male Ex-Migrant Workers Living with HIV," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-14, November.
    9. Lazare Manirankunda & Aletha Wallace & Charles Ddungu & Christiana Nöstlinger, 2021. "Stigma Mechanisms and Outcomes among Sub-Saharan African Descendants in Belgium—Contextualizing the HIV Stigma Framework," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-17, August.

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