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Development and Validation of the COVID-19-Related Stigma Scale for Healthcare Workers (CSS-HCWs)

Author

Listed:
  • Makoto Tsukuda

    (College of Nursing Art and Science, University of Hyogo, Kobe 673-0021, Japan)

  • Yoshiyasu Ito

    (College of Nursing Art and Science, University of Hyogo, Kobe 673-0021, Japan)

  • Keisuke Nojima

    (Faculty of Nursing, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan)

  • Tomonori Kayano

    (Department of Human Nursing, Sonoda Women’s University, Amagasaki 661-8520, Japan)

  • Junko Honda

    (College of Nursing Art and Science, University of Hyogo, Kobe 673-0021, Japan)

Abstract

Stigma among healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an issue that requires immediate attention, as it may otherwise lead to the collapse of healthcare systems. In this study, we developed the COVID-19-related stigma scale for healthcare workers (CSS-HCWs) and assessed its reliability and validity. Data were collected online from 500 participants, including physicians and nurses involved in COVID-19 care. The first item of the draft scale was developed based on a literature review and qualitative study. The draft scale consisted of 24 items, which were rated on a six-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics were calculated and the data distribution was analyzed. To assess the scale’s validity and reliability, structural validity was evaluated through an exploratory factor analysis. Criterion-related validity was examined through a correlation analysis using the E16-COVID19-S, a COVID-19 scale developed for physicians in Egypt. Reliability was evaluated by examining the scale’s stability and internal consistency. The findings revealed that the stigma scale was a valid and reliable instrument. The final scale consisted of 18 items across three domains: personal stigma, concerns of disclosure and others, and family stigma. In conclusion, the scale is a valid and reliable instrument that can measure COVID-19-related stigma among healthcare workers.

Suggested Citation

  • Makoto Tsukuda & Yoshiyasu Ito & Keisuke Nojima & Tomonori Kayano & Junko Honda, 2022. "Development and Validation of the COVID-19-Related Stigma Scale for Healthcare Workers (CSS-HCWs)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-11, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:15:p:9641-:d:881028
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Antonio Baldassarre & Gabriele Giorgi & Federico Alessio & Lucrezia Ginevra Lulli & Giulio Arcangeli & Nicola Mucci, 2020. "Stigma and Discrimination (SAD) at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-29, August.
    4. Aya Mostafa & Nayera S. Mostafa & Nashwa Ismail, 2021. "Validity and Reliability of a COVID-19 Stigma Scale Using Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis in a Sample of Egyptian Physicians: E16-COVID19-S," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-13, May.
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