IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i9p4491-d542107.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A Non-Linear Biostatistical Graphical Modeling of Preventive Actions and Healthcare Factors in Controlling COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

Listed:
  • Faruq Abdulla

    (Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
    Research, Training and Management (RTM) International, Mirpur, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh)

  • Zulkar Nain

    (Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh)

  • Md. Karimuzzaman

    (Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh)

  • Md. Moyazzem Hossain

    (Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
    School of Mathematics, Statistics & Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK)

  • Azizur Rahman

    (School of Computing and Mathematics, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia)

Abstract

Background: With the insurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic, many people died in the past several months, and the situation is ongoing with increasing health, social, and economic panic and vulnerability. As most of the countries relying on different preventive actions to control the outcomes of COVID-19, it is necessary to boost the knowledge about the effectiveness of such actions so that the policymakers take their country-based appropriate actions. This study generates evidence of taking the most impactful actions to combat COVID-19. Objective: In order to generate community-based scientific evidence, this study analyzed the outcome of COVID-19 in response to different control measures, healthcare facilities, life expectancy, and prevalent diseases. Methods: It used more than a hundred countries’ data collected from different databases. We performed a comparative graphical analysis with non-linear correlation estimation using R. Results: The reduction of COVID-19 cases is strongly correlated with the earliness of preventive initiation. The apathy of taking nationwide immediate precaution measures has been identified as one of the critical reasons to make the circumstances worse. There is significant non-linear relationship between COVID-19 case fatality and number of physicians (NCC = 0.22; p -value ≤ 0.001), nurses and midwives (NCC = 0.17; p -value ≤ 0.001), hospital beds (NCC = 0.20; p -value ≤ 0.001), life expectancy of both sexes (NCC = 0.22; p -value ≤ 0.001), life expectancy of female (NCC = 0.27; p -value ≤ 0.001), and life expectancy of male (NCC = 0.19; p -value ≤ 0.001). COVID-19 deaths were found to be reduced with increased medical personnel and hospital beds. Interestingly, no association between the comorbidities and severity of COVID-19 was found excluding asthma, cancer, Alzheimer’s, and smoking. Conclusions: Enhancing healthcare facilities and early imposing the control measures could be valuable to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic. No association between COVID-19 and other comorbidities warranted further investigation at the pathobiological level.

Suggested Citation

  • Faruq Abdulla & Zulkar Nain & Md. Karimuzzaman & Md. Moyazzem Hossain & Azizur Rahman, 2021. "A Non-Linear Biostatistical Graphical Modeling of Preventive Actions and Healthcare Factors in Controlling COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-14, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:9:p:4491-:d:542107
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/9/4491/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/9/4491/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Dutta, Anwesha & Fischer, Harry W., 2021. "The local governance of COVID-19: Disease prevention and social security in rural India," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    2. Francesco Di Gennaro & Damiano Pizzol & Claudia Marotta & Mario Antunes & Vincenzo Racalbuto & Nicola Veronese & Lee Smith, 2020. "Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) Current Status and Future Perspectives: A Narrative Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-11, April.
    3. Liqun Liu & Jingzhong Xie & Ke Li & Suhe Ji, 2020. "Exploring How Media Influence Preventive Behavior and Excessive Preventive Intention during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-27, October.
    4. Mansoor Farahani & Natalie Price & Shenaaz El-Halabi & Naledi Mlaudzi & Koona Keapoletswe & Refeletswe Lebelonyane & Ernest Benny Fetogang & Tony Chebani & Poloko Kebaabetswe & Tiny Masupe & Keba Gaba, 2016. "Impact of Health System Inputs on Health Outcome: A Multilevel Longitudinal Analysis of Botswana National Antiretroviral Program (2002-2013)," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(8), pages 1-14, August.
    5. Gerst-Emerson, K. & Jayawardhana, J., 2015. "Loneliness as a public health issue: The impact of loneliness on health care utilization among older adults," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 105(5), pages 1013-1019.
    6. Meshari F. Alwashmi, 2020. "The Use of Digital Health in the Detection and Management of COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-7, April.
    7. Ammar Yasir & Xiaojian Hu & Munir Ahmad & Abdul Rauf & Jingwen Shi & Saba Ali Nasir, 2020. "Modeling Impact of Word of Mouth and E-Government on Online Social Presence during COVID-19 Outbreak: A Multi-Mediation Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-21, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Leogrande, Angelo & Costantiello, Alberto & Leogrande, Domenico & Anobile, Fabio, 2023. "Beds in Health Facilities in the Italian Regions: A Socio-Economic Approach," MPRA Paper 118635, University Library of Munich, Germany.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Fathey Mohammed & Nabil Hasan Al-Kumaim & Ahmed Ibrahim Alzahrani & Yousef Fazea, 2023. "The Impact of Social Media Shared Health Content on Protective Behavior against COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-16, January.
    2. Jianlin Ren & Shasha Duan & Leihong Guo & Hongwan Li & Xiangfei Kong, 2022. "Effects of Return Air Inlets’ Location on the Control of Fine Particle Transportation in a Simulated Hospital Ward," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-21, September.
    3. M. A. Hannan & M. S. Abd Rahman & Ali Q. Al-Shetwi & R. A. Begum & Pin Jern Ker & M. Mansor & M. S. Mia & M. J. Hossain & Z. Y. Dong & T. M. I. Mahlia, 2022. "Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Severity on Environment, Economy and Society towards Affecting Sustainable Development Goals," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-23, November.
    4. Qin Xiang Ng & Kuan Tsee Chee & Michelle Lee Zhi Qing De Deyn & Zenn Chua, 2020. "Staying connected during the COVID-19 pandemic," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 66(5), pages 519-520, August.
    5. Al-Shboul, Mohammad & Al Rawashdeh, Rami, 2022. "The impact of institutional quality and resources rent on health: The case of GCC," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    6. José Manuel Hernández-Padilla & José Granero-Molina & María Dolores Ruiz-Fernández & Iria Dobarrio-Sanz & María Mar López-Rodríguez & Isabel María Fernández-Medina & Matías Correa-Casado & Cayetano Fe, 2020. "Design and Psychometric Analysis of the COVID-19 Prevention, Recognition and Home-Management Self-Efficacy Scale," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-14, June.
    7. Christian M. Hafner, 2020. "The Spread of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Time and Space," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-13, May.
    8. Shabir Hussain Malik & Weizhong Fu & Samma Faiz Rasool & Gowhar Ahmad Wani & Shah Zaman & Najaf Ali Wani, 2023. "Investigating the Impact of Communication Factors and Stakeholders Engagement on Renewable Energy Projects in Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-14, July.
    9. David Cantarero-Prieto & Marta Pascual-Sáez & Carla Blázquez-Fernández, 2021. "Does Social Isolation Affect Medical Doctor Visits? New Evidence Among European Older Adults," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 16(2), pages 787-804, April.
    10. Javier Cachón-Zagalaz & M.ª Luisa Zagalaz-Sánchez & Víctor Arufe-Giráldez & Alberto Sanmiguel-Rodríguez & Gabriel González-Valero, 2021. "Physical Activity and Daily Routine among Children Aged 0–12 during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-13, January.
    11. Nan Li & Muzi Chen & Difang Huang, 2022. "How Do Logistics Disruptions Affect Rural Households? Evidence from COVID-19 in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-17, December.
    12. Alina Butu & Ioan Sebastian Brumă & Lucian Tanasă & Steliana Rodino & Codrin Dinu Vasiliu & Sebastian Doboș & Marian Butu, 2020. "The Impact of COVID-19 Crisis upon the Consumer Buying Behavior of Fresh Vegetables Directly from Local Producers. Case Study: The Quarantined Area of Suceava County, Romania," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-25, July.
    13. Manuel Mosqueira-Ourens & José M. Sánchez-Sáez & Aitor Pérez-Morcillo & Laura Ramos-Petersen & Andrés López-Del-Amo & José L. Tuimil & Adrián Varela-Sanz, 2021. "Effects of a 48-Day Home Quarantine during the Covid-19 Pandemic on the First Outdoor Running Session among Recreational Runners in Spain," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-11, March.
    14. Jin Liu & Scott Rozelle & Qing Xu & Ning Yu & Tianshu Zhou, 2019. "Social Engagement and Elderly Health in China: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-16, January.
    15. Małgorzata Dudzińska & Marta Gwiaździńska-Goraj & Aleksandra Jezierska-Thöle, 2022. "Social Factors as Major Determinants of Rural Development Variation for Predicting Epidemic Vulnerability: A Lesson for the Future," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-24, October.
    16. Francesca C. Ezeokonkwo & Kathleen L. Sekula & Jeffrey E. Stokes & Laurie A. Theeke & Rick Zoucha & Meredith Troutman-Jordan & Dinesh Sharma, 2023. "Relationships between Interpersonal Goals and Loneliness in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-11, January.
    17. Run-Ping Che & Mei-Chun Cheung, 2022. "Community-Dwelling Older Adults’ Intended Use of Different Types of Long-Term Care in China and Its Associated Factors Based on the Andersen Behavioral Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-16, September.
    18. Tiziana Russo-Spena & Cristina Mele & Ylenia Cavacece & Sara Ebraico & Carina Dantas & Pedro Roseiro & Willeke van Staalduinen, 2022. "Enabling Value Co-Creation in Healthcare through Blockchain Technology," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-15, December.
    19. Soonman Kwon & Eunkyoung Kim, 2022. "Sustainable Health Financing for COVID‐19 Preparedness and Response in Asia and the Pacific," Asian Economic Policy Review, Japan Center for Economic Research, vol. 17(1), pages 140-156, January.
    20. Maria de Lourdes Aguiar-Oliveira & Aline Campos & Aline R. Matos & Caroline Rigotto & Adriana Sotero-Martins & Paulo F. P. Teixeira & Marilda M. Siqueira, 2020. "Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) and Viral Detection in Polluted Surface Water: A Valuable Tool for COVID-19 Surveillance—A Brief Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-19, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:9:p:4491-:d:542107. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.