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Three Versions of the Perceived Stress Scale: Psychometric Evaluation in a Nationally Representative Sample of Chinese Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic

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  • Zhuang She

    (Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
    Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China
    These two authors contributed equally to the study. They should be regarded as joint first authors.)

  • Dan Li

    (Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
    Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China
    Mental Health Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
    These two authors contributed equally to the study. They should be regarded as joint first authors.)

  • Wei Zhang

    (Mental Health Center, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430074, China)

  • Ningning Zhou

    (Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
    Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China)

  • Juzhe Xi

    (Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
    Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China)

  • Kang Ju

    (Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
    Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China)

Abstract

(1) Background: The COVID-19 outbreak has created pressure in people’s daily lives, further threatening public health. Thus, it is important to assess people’s perception of stress during COVID-19 for both research and practical purposes. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is one of the most widely used instruments to measure perceived stress; however, previous validation studies focused on specific populations, possibly limiting the generalization of results. (2) Methods: This study tested the psychometric properties of three versions of the Chinese Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS-14, CPSS-10, and CPSS-4) in the Chinese general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. A commercial online survey was employed to construct a nationally representative sample of 1133 adults in Mainland China (548 males and 585 females) during a one-week period. (3) Results: The two-factor (positivity and negativity) solution for the three versions of the CPSS showed a good fit with the data. The CPSS-14 and CPSS-10 had very good reliability and the CPSS-4 showed acceptable reliability, supporting the concurrent validity of the CPSS. (4) Conclusions: All three versions of the CPSS appear to be appropriate for use in research with samples of adults in the Chinese general population under the COVID-19 crisis. The CPSS-10 and CPSS-14 both have strong psychometric properties, but the CPSS-10 would have more utility because it is shorter than the CPSS-14. However, the CPSS-4 is an acceptable alternative when administration time is limited.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhuang She & Dan Li & Wei Zhang & Ningning Zhou & Juzhe Xi & Kang Ju, 2021. "Three Versions of the Perceived Stress Scale: Psychometric Evaluation in a Nationally Representative Sample of Chinese Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-9, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:16:p:8312-:d:609168
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Meiling Qi & Ping Li & Wendy Moyle & Benjamin Weeks & Cindy Jones, 2020. "Physical Activity, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Stress among the Chinese Adult Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-10, September.
    2. Eleni Andreou & Evangelos C. Alexopoulos & Christos Lionis & Liza Varvogli & Charalambos Gnardellis & George P. Chrousos & Christina Darviri, 2011. "Perceived Stress Scale: Reliability and Validity Study in Greece," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 8(8), pages 1-12, August.
    3. Peterson, Robert A, 1994. "A Meta-analysis of Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 21(2), pages 381-391, September.
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    1. Shuyang Wang & Yun Liu & Yingying Du & Xingyuan Wang, 2021. "Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumers’ Impulse Buying: The Moderating Role of Moderate Thinking," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-19, October.
    2. Melissa Keresztes & Colleen L. Delaney & Carol Byrd-Bredbenner, 2022. "Maternal Mental Health Status Is Associated with Weight-Related Parenting Cognitions, Home Food Environment Characteristics, and Children’s Behaviors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-17, October.

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