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The Bidirectional Relationship between Body Weight and Depression across Gender: A Simultaneous Equation Approach

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  • Jun Zhang

    (School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Ave., Beijing 100872, China)

Abstract

Purpose: This study investigates the bidirectional relationship between body weight and depression for both males and females in the U.S. Methods: Data are drawn from the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), and a simultaneous ordered probability system is estimated with maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) to accommodate the two-way causality between depression and body weight categories. The variable of depression is measured by individuals’ past depressive records and current mental health status. Results: Depression and body weight are found to affect each other positively for both males and females on average. In a randomized population, the results of average treatment effects suggest significant body weight differences between depressed and non-depressed individuals. Age and other sociodemographic factors affect body weight differently between genders and between the people with depression and those without. Conclusion: The positive bidirectional relationship between body weight and depression is found. The effect of depression on body weight is significant among both males and females in a randomized population, and females who experience depression are most likely to be obese and less likely to have normal weight compared to females without depression. The risks of overweight and obesity are high among people who are less educated or unable, who have poor health statuses, and who had high blood pressure.

Suggested Citation

  • Jun Zhang, 2021. "The Bidirectional Relationship between Body Weight and Depression across Gender: A Simultaneous Equation Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-15, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:14:p:7673-:d:597137
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dong, Han & Zhang, Jun & Cirillo, Cinzia, 2019. "Exploring, understanding, and modeling the reciprocal relation between leisure and subjective well-being," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 813-824.
    2. Pine, D.S. & Cohen, P. & Brook, J. & Coplan, J.D., 1997. "Psychiatric symptoms in adolescence as predictors of obesity in early adulthood: A longitudinal study," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 87(8), pages 1303-1310.
    3. Carpenter, K.M. & Hasin, D.S. & Allison, D.B. & Faith, M.S., 2000. "Relationships between obesity and DSM-IV major depressive disorder, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts: Results from a general population study," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 90(2), pages 251-257.
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    Cited by:

    1. Jun Zhang & Yuang He & Jing Zhang, 2022. "Energy Poverty and Depression in Rural China: Evidence from the Quantile Regression Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-21, January.

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