IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v17y2020i19p7084-d420644.html

Changes in Smoking and Vaping over 18 Months among Smokers and Recent Ex-Smokers: Longitudinal Findings from the 2016 and 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys

Author

Listed:
  • Shannon Gravely

    (Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Gang Meng

    (Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • K. Michael Cummings

    (Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA)

  • Andrew Hyland

    (Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA)

  • Ron Borland

    (School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia)

  • David Hammond

    (School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Richard J. O’Connor

    (Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA)

  • Maciej L. Goniewicz

    (Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA)

  • Karin A. Kasza

    (Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA)

  • Ann McNeill

    (Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
    Shaping public health policies to reduce inequalities & harm (SPECTRUM), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK)

  • Mary E. Thompson

    (Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Sara C. Hitchman

    (Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK)

  • David T. Levy

    (Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA)

  • James F. Thrasher

    (Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
    Tobacco Research Department, Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico)

  • Anne C.K. Quah

    (Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Nadia Martin

    (Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Janine Ouimet

    (Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Christian Boudreau

    (Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Geoffrey T. Fong

    (Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
    School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
    Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada)

Abstract

This descriptive study of smokers (smoked at least monthly) and recent ex-smokers (quit for ≤2 years) examined transitions over an 18 month period in their smoking and vaping behaviors. Data are from Waves 1 (W1: 2016) and 2 (W2: 2018) of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey, a cohort study of adult (≥18+) smokers, concurrent users (smoke and vape), and recent ex-smokers from Australia, Canada, England, and the United States (US). Respondents (N = 5016) were classified according to their smoking and vaping status, which resulted in eight subgroups: (1) exclusive daily smokers (2) exclusive non-daily smokers; (3–6) concurrent users (subdivided into four groups by each combination of daily/non-daily smoking and daily/non-daily vaping); (7) ex-smokers who vape; (8) ex-smokers not vaping. The analyses focused first on describing changes between groups from W1 to W2. Second, transition outcomes were assessed based on changes in smoking and vaping between W1 and W2. Transitions focused on smoking were: no change in smoking (continued smoking at the same frequency); decreased smoking; increased smoking; discontinued smoking; relapsed (ex-smokers at W1 who were smoking at W2). Transitions focused on vaping were: initiated vaping; switched from smoking to vaping. Overall, this study found that the vast majority of smokers were smoking 18 months later. Non-daily smokers were more likely than daily smokers to have discontinued smoking ( p < 0.0001) and to have switched to exclusive vaping ( p = 0.034). Exclusive non-daily smokers were more likely than exclusive daily smokers to have initiated vaping ( p = 0.04). Among all W1 daily smokers, there were no differences in discontinued smoking between daily smokers who vaped (concurrent users) and exclusive daily smokers; however, concurrent users were more likely than exclusive daily smokers to have decreased to non-daily smoking ( p < 0.001) or to have switched to vaping by W2 ( p < 0.001). Among all W1 non-daily smokers, there were no significant differences in increased smoking or discontinued smoking between concurrent users or exclusive smokers. Most ex-smokers remained abstinent from smoking, and there was no difference in relapse back to smoking between those who vaped and those who did not.

Suggested Citation

  • Shannon Gravely & Gang Meng & K. Michael Cummings & Andrew Hyland & Ron Borland & David Hammond & Richard J. O’Connor & Maciej L. Goniewicz & Karin A. Kasza & Ann McNeill & Mary E. Thompson & Sara C. , 2020. "Changes in Smoking and Vaping over 18 Months among Smokers and Recent Ex-Smokers: Longitudinal Findings from the 2016 and 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-19, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:19:p:7084-:d:420644
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/19/7084/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/19/7084/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Karin A. Kasza & Nicolette Borek & Kevin P. Conway & Maciej L. Goniewicz & Cassandra A. Stanton & Eva Sharma & Geoffrey T. Fong & David B. Abrams & Blair Coleman & Liane M. Schneller & Elizabeth Y. La, 2018. "Transitions in Tobacco Product Use by U.S. Adults between 2013–2014 and 2014–2015: Findings from the PATH Study Wave 1 and Wave 2," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-14, November.
    2. Hassmiller, K.M. & Warner, K.E. & Mendez, D. & Levy, D.T. & Romano, E., 2003. "Nondaily Smokers: Who Are They?," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 93(8), pages 1321-1327.
    3. Stanislav Kolenikov, 2014. "Calibrating survey data using iterative proportional fitting (raking)," Stata Journal, StataCorp LLC, vol. 14(1), pages 22-59, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Tamlin S. Conner & Jiaxu Zeng & Mei-Ling Blank & Vicky He & Janet Hoek, 2021. "A Descriptive Analysis of Transitions from Smoking to Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) Use: A Daily Diary Investigation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-13, June.
    2. Arielle Selya & Sooyong Kim & Michael Hannon & Nicholas Goldenson & Saul Shiffman, 2026. "Cigarette Smoking Over Two Years Among US Adults Who Formerly or Never Smoked and Recently Purchased Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems," Journal of Consumer Policy, Springer, vol. 49(3), pages 1-20, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Sampriti Sarkar & Frank Lupi, 2026. "The Two-Edged Sword of Altruism in Willingness to Pay for Water Infrastructure and Affordability Programs," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 89(2), pages 1-31, February.
    2. Patricia Cain & Alison Daly & Alison Reid, 2021. "How Refugees Experience the Australian Workplace: A Comparative Mixed Methods Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-14, April.
    3. Piotr Bialowolski & Matthew T. Lee & Dorota Weziak-Bialowolska & Ying Chen & Richard G. Cowden & Eileen McNeely & Tyler J. VanderWeele, 2023. "Differences in Multi-Dimensional Well-Being Among Factory Workers: Evidence from Six Countries," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 18(5), pages 2159-2180, October.
    4. Weden, Margaret M & Astone, Nan M & Bishai, David, 2006. "Racial, ethnic, and gender differences in smoking cessation associated with employment and joblessness through young adulthood in the US," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 62(2), pages 303-316, January.
    5. Trudeau, Jennifer M. & Alicea-Planas, Jessica & Vásquez, William F., 2020. "The value of COVID-19 tests in Latin America," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).
    6. Sonja Spitzer, 2020. "Biases in health expectancies due to educational differences in survey participation of older Europeans: It’s worth weighting for," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 21(4), pages 573-605, June.
    7. David T. Levy & Zhe Yuan & Yameng Li & Darren Mays & Luz Maria Sanchez-Romero, 2019. "An Examination of the Variation in Estimates of E-Cigarette Prevalence among U.S. Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-19, August.
    8. François t'Serstevens & Roberto Cerina & Giulia Piccillo, 2024. "Mapping the Risk of Spreading Fake-News via Wisdom-of-the-Crowd & MrP," CESifo Working Paper Series 11138, CESifo.
    9. Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores & Pan, Jocelyn & Jun, Hee-Jin & Osypuk, Theresa L. & Emmons, Karen M., 2005. "The effect of immigrant generation on smoking," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 61(6), pages 1223-1242, September.
    10. Sinha Roy, Sutirtha & van der Weide, Roy, 2025. "Estimating poverty for India after 2011 using private-sector survey data," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    11. Lynn D Silver & Alisa A Padon & Libo Li & Bethany J Simard & Thomas K Greenfield, 2023. "Changes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in the first two years (2018 – 2020) of San Francisco’s tax: A prospective longitudinal study," PLOS Global Public Health, Public Library of Science, vol. 3(1), pages 1-19, January.
    12. Marco Bottone, 2025. "Comparing survey measures of firms’ expectations and uncertainty," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 69(1), pages 393-430, July.
    13. Taiyo Fukai & Setsuya Fukuda & Hidehiko Ichimura & Daigo Nakata & Itaru Sato & Kazuyuki Terada, 2024. "National Transfer Accounts (NTA) in Japan: 1984−2014," The Japanese Economic Review, Springer, vol. 75(4), pages 779-821, December.
    14. William F. Vásquez & Jennifer M. Trudeau, 2022. "Willingness to give amid pandemics: a contingent valuation of anticipated nongovernmental immunization programs," International Journal of Health Economics and Management, Springer, vol. 22(1), pages 53-68, March.
    15. Alison Daly & Renee N. Carey & Ellie Darcey & HuiJun Chih & Anthony D. LaMontagne & Allison Milner & Alison Reid, 2019. "Using Three Cross-Sectional Surveys to Compare Workplace Psychosocial Stressors and Associated Mental Health Status in Six Migrant Groups Working in Australia Compared with Australian-Born Workers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-15, February.
    16. Roberto Brunetti & Matthieu Pourieux, 2026. "Representative policymakers? A behavioural experiment with French politicians," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 93(371), pages 930-961, July.
    17. Thomas Horvath & Martin Spielauer & Marian Fink, 2020. "Microsimulation Projection of the Educational Integration and Labour Force Participation of First- and Second-Generation Immigrants," WIFO Working Papers 615, WIFO.
    18. Heng Chen & Marie-Hélène Felt & Christopher Henry, 2018. "2017 Methods-of-Payment Survey: Sample Calibration and Variance Estimation," Technical Reports 114, Bank of Canada.
    19. Adams-Prassl, Abi & Boneva, Teodora & Golin, Marta & Rauh, Christopher, 2020. "Inequality in the impact of the coronavirus shock: Evidence from real time surveys," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    20. West Brady T. & Sakshaug Joseph W. & Aurelien Guy Alain S., 2018. "Accounting for Complex Sampling in Survey Estimation: A Review of Current Software Tools," Journal of Official Statistics, Sciendo, vol. 34(3), pages 721-752, September.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:19:p:7084-:d:420644. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager The email address of this maintainer does not seem to be valid anymore. Please ask MDPI Indexing Manager to update the entry or send us the correct address (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.