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The Number of Adverse Childhood Experiences Is Associated with Emotional and Behavioral Problems among Adolescents

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  • Miriama Lackova Rebicova

    (Department of Health Psychology, Medical Faculty, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia
    Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia)

  • Zuzana Dankulincova Veselska

    (Department of Health Psychology, Medical Faculty, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia
    Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia)

  • Daniela Husarova

    (Department of Health Psychology, Medical Faculty, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia
    Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia)

  • Andrea Madarasova Geckova

    (Department of Health Psychology, Medical Faculty, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia
    Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia
    Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University in Olomouc, Univerzitni 22, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic)

  • Jitse P. van Dijk

    (Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia
    Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University in Olomouc, Univerzitni 22, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
    Department of Community & Occupational Health, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands)

  • Sijmen A. Reijneveld

    (Department of Community & Occupational Health, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands)

Abstract

This study aims to examine the association of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) with emotional and behavioral problems (EBP) among adolescents and the degree to which this association is stronger for more ACE. In addition, we assessed whether socioeconomic position (SEP) modifies the association of ACE with EBP. We obtained data from 341 adolescents aged 10–16 (mean age = 13.14 years; 44.0% boys), the baseline of a cohort study. We measured EBP with the strengths and difficulties questionnaire and socioeconomic position (SEP) with self-reported financial status. We used generalized linear models to analyze the association between ACE (0 vs. 1–2 vs. 3 and more) and EBP, and the modifying effect of SEP. Adolescents with 1–2 ACE (regression coefficient: 0.19; 95%-confidence interval (CI): 0.06–0.32) and with 3 ACE and over (0.35; 0.17–0.54) reported more overall problems compared with adolescents without ACE. Moreover, adolescents with 1–2 ACE (0.16; −0.01–0.32, and 0.16; 0.03–0.29) and with 3 and over ACE (0.33; 0.10–0.56, and 0.28; 0.09–0.47) reported more emotional problems and behavioral problems, respectively. The interactions of SEP with ACE were not significant. ACE are related to EBP among adolescents, with a clear dose-response association, and this association similarly holds for all SEP categories.

Suggested Citation

  • Miriama Lackova Rebicova & Zuzana Dankulincova Veselska & Daniela Husarova & Andrea Madarasova Geckova & Jitse P. van Dijk & Sijmen A. Reijneveld, 2019. "The Number of Adverse Childhood Experiences Is Associated with Emotional and Behavioral Problems among Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-8, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:13:p:2446-:d:246984
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Matt DeLisi & Justin Alcala & Abdi Kusow & Andy Hochstetler & Mark H. Heirigs & Jonathan W. Caudill & Chad R. Trulson & Michael T. Baglivio, 2017. "Adverse Childhood Experiences, Commitment Offense, and Race/Ethnicity: Are the Effects Crime-, Race-, and Ethnicity-Specific?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-12, March.
    2. Tormod Bøe & Mari Hysing & Jens Christoffer Skogen & Kyrre Breivik, 2016. "The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): Factor Structure and Gender Equivalence in Norwegian Adolescents," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(5), pages 1-15, May.
    3. Emma Björkenstam & Anders Hjern & Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz & Bo Vinnerljung & Johan Hallqvist & Rickard Ljung, 2013. "Multi-Exposure and Clustering of Adverse Childhood Experiences, Socioeconomic Differences and Psychotropic Medication in Young Adults," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(1), pages 1-9, January.
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    1. Jones, Melissa S. & Pierce, Hayley & Shafer, Kevin, 2022. "Gender differences in early adverse childhood experiences and youth psychological distress," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    2. Miriama Lackova Rebicova & Zuzana Dankulincova Veselska & Daniela Husarova & Andrea Madarasova Geckova & Danielle E. M. C. Jansen & Jitse P. van Dijk & Sijmen A. Reijneveld, 2021. "Does Schoolmate and Teacher Support Buffer against the Effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Emotional and Behavioural Problems?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-9, December.

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