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Long-Term Atmospheric Visibility Trends and Their Relations to Socioeconomic Factors in Xiamen City, China

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  • Weicong Fu

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
    Urban Forestry Research in Action, Department of Forest Resources Management, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
    Collaborative for Advanced Landscape Planning, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
    Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada)

  • Qunyue Liu

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
    Urban Forestry Research in Action, Department of Forest Resources Management, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada)

  • Cecil Konijnendijk van den Bosch

    (Urban Forestry Research in Action, Department of Forest Resources Management, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
    Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada)

  • Ziru Chen

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
    Urban Forestry Research in Action, Department of Forest Resources Management, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada)

  • Zhipeng Zhu

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
    Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada)

  • Jinda Qi

    (Faculty of built environment, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia)

  • Mo Wang

    (College of Architecture & Urban Planning, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China)

  • Emily Dang

    (Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada)

  • Jianwen Dong

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China)

Abstract

Atmospheric visibility (AV), one of the most concerning environmental issues, has shown a continuous decline in China’s urban areas, especially in Southeastern China. Existing studies have shown that AV is affected by air pollutants and climate change, which are always caused by human activities that are linked to socioeconomic factors, such as urban size, residents’ activities, industrial activities, and urban greening. However, the contribution of socioeconomic factors to AV is still not well understood, especially from a long-term perspective, which sometimes leads to ineffective policies. In this study, we used the structural equation model (SEM) in order to quantify the contribution of socioeconomic factors on AV change in Xiamen City, China, between 1987–2016. The results showed that the annual average AV of Xiamen between 1987–2016 was 12.00 km, with a change rate of −0.315 km/year. Urban size, industrial activities, and residents’ activities were found to have a negative impact on AV, while the impact of urban greening on the AV was modest. Among all of the indicators, the number of resident’s vehicles, total retail sales of consumer goods, and household electricity consumption were found to have the highest negative direct impact on the AV. The resident population, urban built-up area, and secondary industry gross domestic product (GDP) were the most important indirect impact factors. Based on our results, we evaluated the existing environmental regulations and policies of Xiamen City.

Suggested Citation

  • Weicong Fu & Qunyue Liu & Cecil Konijnendijk van den Bosch & Ziru Chen & Zhipeng Zhu & Jinda Qi & Mo Wang & Emily Dang & Jianwen Dong, 2018. "Long-Term Atmospheric Visibility Trends and Their Relations to Socioeconomic Factors in Xiamen City, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-16, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:10:p:2239-:d:175292
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. J. Lelieveld & J. S. Evans & M. Fnais & D. Giannadaki & A. Pozzer, 2015. "The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale," Nature, Nature, vol. 525(7569), pages 367-371, September.
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    Cited by:

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